Chapter 25 Flashcards by Kevin Walsh

Sweating produces heat loss largely by __________.
dripping hot sweat
conduction of heat from the body interior
evaporative cooling
radiation of heat from the skin

evaporative cooling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

About 40% of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 urine
	 perspiration
	 heat
	 feces

heat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?
	 stomach
	 liver
	 intestine
	 kidneys

liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is
	 calcium.
	 iron.
	 zinc.
	 cobalt.
	 magnesium.

iron.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________.
Gluconeogenesis is performed by __________.
skeletal muscle cells
liver cells
red blood cells
All of these cells perform gluconeogenesis.

liver cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.
made; recycled
reduced; oxidized
phosphorylated; deaminated
oxidized; reduced
phosphorylated; dephosphorylated

reduced; oxidized

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sometimes called “good cholesterol,” ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During starvation
During starvation
gluconeogenesis ceases.
muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies.
carbohydrate utilization increases.
carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds.

muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During beta-oxidation, __________.
During beta-oxidation, __________.
fatty acids are converted to glucose molecules
fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA
triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol
All of these processes occur during beta-oxidation.

fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state?
Which of these is not characteristic of the absorptive state?
triglyceride synthesis
glucagon secretion
insulin secretion
glycogen synthesis

glucagon secretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
oxidative phosphorylation.
anabolism.
glycolysis.
metabolism.
catabolism.

metabolism.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the endoplasmic reticulum
the mitochondria
nucleus
cytoplasm
the plasma membrane

the mitochondria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
protein synthesis.
muscle contraction.
ion transport.
glycogen synthesis.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds
to store nutrient reserves.
to produce secretions.
to perform structural maintenance or repairs.
to support growth.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The function of the citric acid cycle is to
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
produce water.
transfer the acetyl group.
hydrolyze glucose.
produce carbon dioxide.
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.
NAD
a coenzyme
ADP
a hydrogen ion
the acetyl group

a coenzyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each cytochrome contains
Each cytochrome contains
	 an inorganic salt.
	 a metal ion.
	 an ATP synthase.
	 a lipoprotein.
	 All of the answers are correct.

a metal ion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During glycolysis
During glycolysis
a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
four molecules of ATP are produced.
hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.
two molecules of ATP are consumed.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle
directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.
contains enzymes called cytochromes.
forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.
consumes two moles of carbon dioxide.
begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
the formation of pyruvic acid.
glycolysis.
electron transport.
the formation of water.
the citric acid cycle.

the citric acid cycle.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the electron transport chain
In the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms.
oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation.
generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions.
reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
produce carbon dioxide
convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer
phosphorylate ADP into ATP

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae

The citric acid cycle occurs in the
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
	 mitochondrial matrix.
	 golgi apparatus.
	 ribosome.
	 cytosol.
	 mitochondrial cristae.

mitochondrial matrix.

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
ADP is phosphorylated.
oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
NAH+ is converted into NADH.
citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms.
FADH2 is produced.

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to produce proteins for energy storage. produce citric acid to make vitamin C. phosphorylate glucose molecules. produce Acetyl CoA. supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria.

supply hydrogen atoms to the mitochondria.

The end products of aerobic respiration are The end products of aerobic respiration are NADH and FADH2. pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. oxygen and water. carbon dioxide and alcohol. carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________. Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________. monoglycerides acetyl-CoA amino acids pyruvic acid

acetyl-CoA

Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation? Which of these statements is not true about beta-oxidation? Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules. It takes place in mitochondria. It yields large amounts of ATP. Two-carbon fragments are formed.

Lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules.

``` The essential fatty acids are The essential fatty acids are leucine and lysine. HDLs and LDLs. linoleic acid and linolenic acid. glycerol and pyruvic acid. cholesterol and glycerol. ```

leucine and lysine.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are HDLs. coenzymes. chylomicrons. VLDLs. LDLs.

chylomicrons.

Lipids Lipids are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells. yield quick bursts of energy. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble.

provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.

The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. The ammonia that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of __________. nitric oxide ketone bodies nitrite ion urea

urea

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________. Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________. A B9 B6 C B12

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is converted to urea. absorbed by water. transferred to acetyl-CoA. converted to ammonia. transferred to a keto acid.

transferred to a keto acid.

During the absorptive state, During the absorptive state, insulin levels are low. skeletal muscle fibers release glucose. adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation. the liver forms glycogen. skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen.

the liver forms glycogen.

Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state? Beta-oxidation increases. The liver produces more glycogen. Blood glucose levels fall. Gluconeogenesis begins.

The liver produces more glycogen.

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids? Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids? glucagon growth hormone epinephrine androgens insulin

growth hormone

``` The major cation in cytoplasm is The major cation in cytoplasm is magnesium. sodium. iron. calcium. potassium. ```

potassium.

``` The major anion in body fluids is The major anion in body fluids is bicarbonate. chloride. sulfate. iodide. ```

chloride.

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is magnesium. sodium. calcium. selenium. potassium.

calcium.

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A. B. C. D. E.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A. B. E. C. K.

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is folic acid (folate). cobalamin. thiamine. niacin. riboflavin.

thiamine.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is niacin. cobalamin. thiamine. riboflavin. folic acid (folate).

riboflavin.

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is thiamine. riboflavin. folic acid (folate). cobalamin. niacin.

niacin.

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). pyridoxine (B6). pantothenic acid.

pyridoxine (B6).

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is riboflavin. niacin. folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. pyridoxine (B6).

pantothenic acid.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is folic acid (folate). pantothenic acid. vitamin K. vitamin C. pyridoxine (B6).

folic acid (folate).

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. E D C B12 A

The loss of infrared energy from the body is called The loss of infrared energy from the body is called thermal regulation. evaporation. conduction. radiation. convection.

radiation.

The heat-gain center for thermoregulation The heat-gain center for thermoregulation resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. activates shivering thermogenesis. activates nonshivering thermogenesis. activates skin vasoconstriction. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.