Chapter 26 Flashcards by Kevin Walsh

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
afferent arterioles
cortical radial arteries
renal arteries
efferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

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One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
urea
uric acid
creatinine
glucose

glucose

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Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
efferent arteriole
glomerular capsule
afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular complex

juxtaglomerular complex

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Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?
Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule

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Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
transitional epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
simple columnar epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

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Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body’s content of sodium?
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body’s content of sodium?
cortisone
ADH
epinephrine
aldosterone

aldosterone

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Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?
Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?
It creates a hyperosmotic interstitial fluid in the kidney medulla.
It is opposed by the vasa recta.
It exploits the structure of the nephron loop.
It depends on active ion transport to function.

It is opposed by the vasa recta.

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Functions of the urinary system include
Functions of the urinary system include
conservation of valuable nutrients.
regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
helping to stabilize blood pH.
regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

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A glomerulus is
A glomerulus is
attached to the collecting duct.
the source of erythropoietin.
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
the expanded end of a nephron.
the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

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The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
blood pressure.
blood pH.
blood ion levels.
blood volume.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

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The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
regulating NaCl levels in the blood.
releasing erythropoietin.
releasing renin.
adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

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Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?
Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
nephron loop

proximal convoluted tubule

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Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscle

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True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.
True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.
True
False

true

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In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
renal pelvis
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal sinus

renal medulla

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Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe?
Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe?
major and minor calyces
adjacent tissues of the renal columns
renal pyramid
renal cortex above the renal pyramid

major and minor calyces

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Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters?
Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters?
minor calyx
renal papilla
renal pelvis
major calyx

renal pelvis

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The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
renal papilla
collecting tubule
proximal convoluted tubule

the glomerular (Bowman) capsule

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rine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter
renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder
renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

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Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole.
vasa recta.
afferent arteriole.
interlobular arteriole.
renal vein.

efferent arteriole.

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In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:
podocytes
juxtaglomerular cells
macula densa cells
glomerulocytes
tubular cells

podocytes

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Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
corticoradiate capillaries.
vasa recta capillaries.
efferent arterioles.
proximal capillaries.
peritubular capillaries.

peritubular capillaries.

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Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
nephron loop (loop of Henle).
renal papilla.
renal corpuscle.
collecting tubule system.
renal pyramid.

renal corpuscle.

The filtration of plasma takes place in the
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
nephron loop (loop of Henle).
papillary duct.
renal corpuscle.
ureter.
distal convoluted tubule.

renal corpuscle.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is adjusting the urine volume. filtration. secretion of acids and ammonia. secretion of drugs. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus. endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of veins. capillaries. arterioles. venules. arteries.

capillaries.

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. medulla calyces vasa recta cortex pelvis

cortex

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except hydrogen ions. creatinine. proteins. urea. amino acids.

proteins.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. trigger renin release. produce renal ischemia. reduce blood flow to kidneys. increase the glomerular filtration rate.

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute the blood pressure within the glomerulus the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate? Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate? glomerular filtration rate (GFR) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) vasoconstriction autonomic regulation

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? autoregulation renin-angiotensin system autonomic regulation natriuretic peptides

autoregulation

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex? Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex? myogenic mechanism natriuretic peptides autonomic regulation renin-angiotensin system

renin-angiotensin system

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? glomerulus efferent arterioles systemic arterioles afferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR? In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR? dilation of efferent arterioles increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism release of ANP and BNP

release of ANP and BNP

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR? What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR? angiotensin I angiotensin II angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) renin

renin

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart. Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR.

Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.

The macula densa forms part of the __________. The macula densa forms part of the __________. juxtaglomerular complex filtration membrane nephron loop glomerular capsule

juxtaglomerular complex

The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________. The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________. blood hydrostatic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

``` The process of filtration is driven by The process of filtration is driven by blood hydrostatic pressure. active transport. blood osmotic pressure. renal pumping. solvent drag. ```

blood hydrostatic pressure.

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? permanent kidney injury presence of blood in urine presence of protein in urine damage to the glomeruli All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. decrease urinary albumin concentration. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. decrease secretion of aldosterone.

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by blood pressure. protein in the filtrate. constriction of the efferent arteriole. presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma. filtrate in the capsular space.

presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is blood colloid osmotic pressure. osmotic pressure of the urine. capsular hydrostatic pressure. glomerular hydrostatic pressure. reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration

a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the collecting duct. the proximal convoluted tubule. the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. the distal convoluted tubule. the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except stem cell movements. cotransport. active transport. countertransport. facilitated diffusion.

stem cell movements.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to increased urinary loss of sodium. decreased sodium reabsorption. less secretion of aldosterone. reduction of blood pressure. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include hydrogen ions. creatinine. potassium ions. penicillin. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains water. urea. nutrients. hydrogen ions. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? enables production of hypertonic urine relies on countercurrent multiplication creates high interstitial NaCl concentration site of obligatory water reabsorption. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce a larger volume of urine. urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. urine with less glucose. urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. transitional simple cuboidal simple columnar stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar

transitional

In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________. In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________. respiratory system integumentary system endocrine system digestive system

endocrine system