Chapter 26 - The Reproductive System Flashcards
The most important organs in the reproductive system are ——- or —— ——- organs
Gonads or primary sex organs
Primary sex organ in male is ——
Primary sex organ in female is ——
Testes
Ovaries
——— secrete sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogens
Gonads
Gonads produce ——- or sex cells, through meiosis, including sperm and ova
Gametes
Additional organs in both sexes called —— ——- ——-, contribute to the functioning of the reproductive system.
Accessory Reproductive Organs
——- Process by which a sperm and ovum fuse, producing a single-celled offspring called a ———
Fertilization
Zygote
Zygote must have the correct number of chromosomes —-
the sperm and ovum each need to contribute —- chromosomes
46
23
The egg and sperm are each —— and become —— when joined
Haploid
Diploid
The male reproductive system include the paired ——–, or male gonads, that produce sperm
Testies
Sperm travels through a series of passages known collective as ——- ——–
Duct System
Accessory glands secrete fluid into ducts that becomes part of ——–, which is a fluid that accompanies sperm
Semen
Testes (Testicles) located outside the abdominopelvic cavity in the ——-, a sac composed of skin, connective tissue, and smooth muscle.
Scrotum
Why are the testes outside the body?
The temperature of the testicles need to be 2-3 C colder than the inside of the body to produce sperm
Connective tissue divides the testis internally into ~250 ——
Lobules
Each lobule contain contain 1-4 tightly coiled, loop ———– tubules
Seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules contain ——— cells
Spermatogenic Cells
Spermatogenic cells form SPERM and ———- cells
Sustentacular cell
Between seminiferous tubules are ——— cells, that produce androgens, mostly ————–
Interstitial cells
Testosterone
Seminiferous cells are surrounded by ——— cells, that have smooth muscle and can contract to push sperm and testicular fluid out of the testis.
Myoid cells
Testes merge into a single ——— tubule that moves sperm into a network of new tubules, the —— ——–
Single Straight Tubule
Ductus Epididymis
Site of sperm maturation and storage
Epididymis
This duct travels through seminal vesicle, and empties into urethra
Ejaculatory Duct.
Sperm contribute to —% to semen’s total volume
5%
The Process of male gamete and Sperm Cell development called
Spermatogenesis
Which part of the testes does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules - through division of Spermatogenic cells
Testosterone is ultimately regulated by the hypothalamic hormone —— ———- ———, which is released in pulses ~every 2hrs.
Gonadotropic-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Regulation of testosterone secretion by GnRH occurs as part of a multi-tiered feedback loop called the
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction - Testosterone
First-Tier Control:
Hypothalamus secretes a small pulse of GnRH
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction - Testosterone
Second-Tier Control:
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotrophins
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) &
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction - Testosterone
Third-Tier Control:
LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
FSH stimulates Sustentacular cells to secrete Androgen-Binding Protein (AMP) and Inhibin
Effects of hormonal regulation of testicular function via Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HOG) Axis :
Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis and development of male characteristics.
AMP bind to testosterone, concentrating it in the seminiferous tubules
Internal female genitalia include
Ovaries, Uterine Tube, Uterus, and Vagina
Female reproductive organs are located mostly in the ——– ———
Pelvic cavity
The hormones that the ovaries produce beside the oocytes are:
Estrogen
Estradiol
Progesteron
The first part of the female duct system is formed by
Uterine Tubes, Fallopian Tubes, Oviducts (All same)
Wall of the uterus includes:
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Provides a passage way for receiving sperm, delivery of a fetus, and for menstrual flow
Vagina
Vaginal wall is covered in transverse ridges called
Rugae
Process of gamete development that produces ova. (Formation of oocytes)
Oogenesis
Blister-like structures in the ovarian cortex that mature along with the oocytes inside of them
Ovarian follicles
First follicles formed, contains one primary oocyte
Primordial Follicles
Primordial follicles progressively mature first to ———- follicles, then to ——— follicles
Primary follicles , Secondary follicles
Most follicles die by ——-, by the time puberty is reached, follicle number has fallen by –/–%
Atresia
50-90%
Monthly series of cyclic hormone changes and events, under the control of this cycle, ——– follicles progress to the ——- follicles
Ovarian Cycle
Secondary follicles progress to the Vesicular (Tertiary) Follicles
Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to the fluctuating levels of the ovarian hormones.
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
