Chapter 24 - The Urinary/Renal System Flashcards
The Urinary System is composed of the paired ——— and the ——— tract
Paired Kidneys
Urinary Tract
Kidneys are considered ——- organs, meaning they are located posterior to the peritoneal membranes
Retroperitoneal organs
The Urinary Tract is composed of the paired ——–, the ——-, and the ——-
Ureter, the Urinary Bladder, and the Urethra
Urine leaves ———- through a tubular ——— that runs along the posterior body wall and empties into the ———, the ———- stores urine and sits on the floor of the ———- cavity; urine is expelled through the passage called the ——; which connects to the outside of the body
Urine leaves (Either kidney) through a tubular (Ureter) that runs along the posterior body wall and empties into the (Hollow Urinary Bladder), the bladder stores urine and sits on the floor of the (Pelvic cavity); urine is expelled through the passage called the (Urethra); which connects to the outside of the body
Functions of the Kidneys
Removal of metabolic wastes
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintenance of acid-base homeostasis
Maintenance of blood pressure
Regulation of erythropoiesis
Performing other metabolic functions
Renal cortex and medulla contain over one million microscopic structures called
Nephrons - Functional uniss of the kidneys
A structure in the kidney that filter blood and produce urine
Nephrons
End of each renal pyramid tapers into a ——- , which borders a cup-shaped ———- ; urine from three to four ———- drain into a ———- ; two to three ———– drain into the large collecting chamber, the ———–
End of each renal pyramid tapes into a (Papilla), which borders a cup-shaped (Minor Calyx); urine from three to four (Minor Calyces) drain into a (Major Calyx); two to three (Major Calyces) drain into the large collecting chamber, the (Renal Pelvis)
Structure within the nephron responsible for filtering blood
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus is a group of capillaries with ——–, or pores, present in their plasma membranes and between endothelial cells, very leaky
Fenestrations
——— Space is between the parietal and visceral layers
Capsular Space
Glomerular Capsule is also known as ——-. It is a double-layered out sheath
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal Tubule - forms a ———- —— that increases surface area
Brush Border
Only part of the renal tubule that dips into the renal medulla
Nephron Loop or Loop of Henle
——— limb travels toward the renal meddula, turns 180, and becomes ——– limb
Descending Limb
Ascending Limb
Nephrons and the Collecting System carry out three basic physiological functions
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
———– - Fluid and solutes from the blood that pass through the filtration membrane, cells, platelets, and most proteins remain in the blood.
The Filtrate
Urea and Ammonium Ion (NH4+) are waste products of protein metabolism and called
Nitrogenous Wates
A waste product of creatine kinase reactions
Creatinine
A waste product of nuclei acid catabolism
Uric Acid
The Glomerular Filtrate Rate (GFR) - Filtrate is formed at the rate of about:
125 ml/min
Net Filtration Pressure at the Glomerulus - 3 Factors work together to determine the net filtration pressure
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (GCOP)
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Pressure in capillaries, determine by systemic blood pressure, measures about 50 mm Hg
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
A pressure opposes filtration and prevents water from leaving. Measures about 30 mm Hg
Glomerulus Colloid Osmotic Pressure (GCOP)
Filtrate pressure that accumulates inside the capsular space. Measures 10 mm Hg
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
—- —— A condition in which the kidneys are unable to carry out their vital functions - Decreased GFR
Kidney Failure
Acute Kidney Failure
Short-term failure
common among hospitalized patients
May resolve completely without treatment of the underlying cause.
Chronic Kidney Failure
Long-term failure
Decrease in GFR lasting >3 months
Diabetes and Hypertension are high risk factors
Used to treat signs and symptoms of Uremia
Dialysis
The kidneys use ~ –% of the body’s ATP at rest
20%
In the proximal Tubule - About —/—% of the electrolytes and water have been reabsorbed, and most of the organic solutes, before filtrate enters the nephron loop
60-70%
Within the nephron loop, about –% of the total water, 25% of the total sodium and chloride ions, and most of the other ions are reabsorbed and returned to the blood
%20
In the proximal tubule/Nephron loop - the ascending and descending limbs have different permeabilities and the osmolarity changes
Nephron loop
(Loop of Henle)
In the proximal tubule/Nephron loop, Water reabsorption is proportional to solute reabsorption and filtrate has the same osmolarity as the interstitial fluid.
Proximal Tubule
Urine is yellow because of the pigment ——-
Urochrome - Breakdown product of hemoglobin
Variables in urinalysis include
Colour, Translucency, PH
Cloudy urine typically indicates an ——–, but may also indicate large quantities of ——–
Infection
Protein
Transport Urine from the kidneys to the Urinary Bladder
Ureters
