Chapter 24 - The Urinary/Renal System

Question 1

The Urinary System is composed of the paired ——— and the ——— tract

Answer 1

Paired Kidneys
Urinary Tract

Question 2

Kidneys are considered ——- organs, meaning they are located posterior to the peritoneal membranes

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal organs

Question 3

The Urinary Tract is composed of the paired ——–, the ——-, and the ——-

Answer 3

Ureter, the Urinary Bladder, and the Urethra

Question 4

Urine leaves ———- through a tubular ——— that runs along the posterior body wall and empties into the ———, the ———- stores urine and sits on the floor of the ———- cavity; urine is expelled through the passage called the ——; which connects to the outside of the body

Answer 4

Urine leaves (Either kidney) through a tubular (Ureter) that runs along the posterior body wall and empties into the (Hollow Urinary Bladder), the bladder stores urine and sits on the floor of the (Pelvic cavity); urine is expelled through the passage called the (Urethra); which connects to the outside of the body

Question 5

Functions of the Kidneys

Answer 5

Removal of metabolic wastes
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintenance of acid-base homeostasis
Maintenance of blood pressure
Regulation of erythropoiesis
Performing other metabolic functions

Question 6

Renal cortex and medulla contain over one million microscopic structures called

Answer 6

Nephrons - Functional uniss of the kidneys

Question 7

A structure in the kidney that filter blood and produce urine

Answer 7

Nephrons

Question 8

End of each renal pyramid tapers into a ——- , which borders a cup-shaped ———- ; urine from three to four ———- drain into a ———- ; two to three ———– drain into the large collecting chamber, the ———–

Answer 8

End of each renal pyramid tapes into a (Papilla), which borders a cup-shaped (Minor Calyx); urine from three to four (Minor Calyces) drain into a (Major Calyx); two to three (Major Calyces) drain into the large collecting chamber, the (Renal Pelvis)

Question 9

Structure within the nephron responsible for filtering blood

Answer 9

Renal corpuscle

Question 10

Glomerulus is a group of capillaries with ——–, or pores, present in their plasma membranes and between endothelial cells, very leaky

Answer 10

Fenestrations

Question 11

——— Space is between the parietal and visceral layers

Answer 11

Capsular Space

Question 11

Glomerular Capsule is also known as ——-. It is a double-layered out sheath

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule

Question 12

Proximal Tubule - forms a ———- —— that increases surface area

Answer 12

Brush Border

Question 12

Only part of the renal tubule that dips into the renal medulla

Answer 12

Nephron Loop or Loop of Henle

Question 13

——— limb travels toward the renal meddula, turns 180, and becomes ——– limb

Answer 13

Descending Limb
Ascending Limb

Question 14

Nephrons and the Collecting System carry out three basic physiological functions

Answer 14

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

Question 15

———– - Fluid and solutes from the blood that pass through the filtration membrane, cells, platelets, and most proteins remain in the blood.

Answer 15

The Filtrate

Question 16

Urea and Ammonium Ion (NH4+) are waste products of protein metabolism and called

Answer 16

Nitrogenous Wates

Question 17

A waste product of creatine kinase reactions

Answer 17

Creatinine

Question 18

A waste product of nuclei acid catabolism

Answer 18

Uric Acid

Question 19

The Glomerular Filtrate Rate (GFR) - Filtrate is formed at the rate of about:

Answer 19

125 ml/min

Question 20

Net Filtration Pressure at the Glomerulus - 3 Factors work together to determine the net filtration pressure

Answer 20

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (GCOP)
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Question 21

Pressure in capillaries, determine by systemic blood pressure, measures about 50 mm Hg

Answer 21

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)

Question 22

A pressure opposes filtration and prevents water from leaving. Measures about 30 mm Hg

Answer 22

Glomerulus Colloid Osmotic Pressure (GCOP)

Question 23

Filtrate pressure that accumulates inside the capsular space. Measures 10 mm Hg

Answer 23

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Question 24

—- —— A condition in which the kidneys are unable to carry out their vital functions - Decreased GFR

Answer 24

Kidney Failure

Question 25

Acute Kidney Failure

Answer 25

Short-term failure
common among hospitalized patients
May resolve completely without treatment of the underlying cause.

Question 26

Chronic Kidney Failure

Answer 26

Long-term failure
Decrease in GFR lasting >3 months
Diabetes and Hypertension are high risk factors

Question 27

Used to treat signs and symptoms of Uremia

Answer 27

Dialysis

Question 28

The kidneys use ~ –% of the body’s ATP at rest

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

In the proximal Tubule - About —/—% of the electrolytes and water have been reabsorbed, and most of the organic solutes, before filtrate enters the nephron loop

Answer 29

60-70%

Question 30

Within the nephron loop, about –% of the total water, 25% of the total sodium and chloride ions, and most of the other ions are reabsorbed and returned to the blood

Answer 30

%20

Question 31

In the proximal tubule/Nephron loop - the ascending and descending limbs have different permeabilities and the osmolarity changes

Answer 31

Nephron loop
(Loop of Henle)

Question 32

In the proximal tubule/Nephron loop, Water reabsorption is proportional to solute reabsorption and filtrate has the same osmolarity as the interstitial fluid.

Answer 32

Proximal Tubule

Question 33

Urine is yellow because of the pigment ——-

Answer 33

Urochrome - Breakdown product of hemoglobin

Question 34

Variables in urinalysis include

Answer 34

Colour, Translucency, PH

Question 35

Cloudy urine typically indicates an ——–, but may also indicate large quantities of ——–

Answer 35

Infection
Protein

Question 36

Transport Urine from the kidneys to the Urinary Bladder

Answer 36

Ureters