Chapter 22 - The Digestive System

Question 1

The Digestive System located from the —– to the ——-

Answer 1

Head
Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 2

GI tract / DIgestive tract, also known as

Answer 2

Alimentary Canal

Question 3

What organs does the GI tract include

Answer 3

Mouth (oral cavity), esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, pharynx

Question 4

What accessory organs does the GI tract have

Answer 4

Liver, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth, tongue, gallbladder

Question 5

Digestive system functions

Answer 5

1. Ingestion
2. Secretions
3. Propulsion
4. DIgestion (Chemical+mechanical)
5. Absorption
6. Defecation

Question 6

What digestive system functions can be found in the mouth (oral cavity)

Answer 6

Ingestion
secretions
Propulsions
mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 7

Food that is ingested into a moist, chewed mass called

Answer 7

Bolus

Question 8

——- & ——— deliver bolus to the stomach through the process of swallowing

Answer 8

Pharynx & Esophagus

Question 9

Forms the roof of the mouth

Answer 9

Palate

Question 10

——- is the inferior projection from the soft palate

Answer 10

Uvula

Question 11

—— closes the trachea so food does not get into the lungs

Answer 11

Epiglottis

Question 12

Muscoa and submucosa have ——– ———- that secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus

Answer 12

Esophageal Glands

Question 13

——– ——— ———- Junction of the pharynx and esophagus control passage of the bolus into the esophagus

Answer 13

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Question 14

——- ———– ———- Junction of the esophagus and stomach; controls passage of bolus into the stomach and prevents stomach contents entering the esophagus.

Answer 14

Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Question 15

During swallowing - the skeletal and smooth muscle of the muscular passageway undergo ——–

Answer 15

Peristalysis - Contractions to allow food down through organs

Question 16

In the stomach:
The convex left side is the —— Curvature
The concave right side is the ——- Curvature

Answer 16

Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature

Question 17

Folds in the stomach that Allow the stomach to expand when eating

Answer 17

Rugae

Question 18

Stomach muscularis externa allows the stomach to perform ——-

Answer 18

Churning

Question 19

Chrning is a motion that turns food into a liquid called

Answer 19

Chyme

Question 20

In stomach mucosa: ——— —– are lined with columnar epithelial cells that secrete a thick coating of mucus to protect the stomach from its own secretions
this can destroy the stomach and cause —– —–

Answer 20

Gastric pits
Peptic ulcers

Question 21

Gastric glands in the stomach have endocrine and exocrine cells. What do they do?

Answer 21

Endocrine cells: Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine cells: Secrete acidic, enzyme-containing Gastric juice into the lumen.

Question 22

———- function - stomach expands from ~50ml to ~1500ml when filled with food and water

Answer 22

Receptive function

Question 23

——— Function - stomach smooth muscles contract rhythmically for churning, controlled by cells called

Answer 23

Churning Function
Gastric Pacemakers

Question 24

——- sphincter - Allow travel from the stomach to the small intestines

Answer 24

Pyloric sphincter

Question 24

-------- function of stomach - different materials pass through the pyloric sphincter at (different/same) rates - solids must be converted to a nearly liquid state to pass. Lipids take the (Most/least)

Answer 24

Emptying function Different rates Lipids take the most time

Question 25

The duodenum can only process chyme so quickly because -

Answer 25

it mixes chyme with pancreatic secretions called pancreatic juice to increase pH so the intestinal mucosa is not damaged and to dilate the chyme with water to prevent water from leaving the intestinal walls.

Question 26

Longest portion of the alimentary canal

Answer 26

Small intestines (Small bowel) 6 m - 20 ft in cadaver (dead body) 3 m - 10 ft in a living person - smooth muscle tone

Question 27

Epithelial cells of the small intestines

Answer 27

Enterocytes - produce multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus.

Question 28

what kind of nutrient digestion happens in the large intestine by enzymes

Answer 28

No nutrient digestion in the large intestine by enzymes

Question 29

What role do enterocytes have besides producing multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus

Answer 29

Enterocytes absorb nutrients, water, vitamins, and other substances into blood or lymph.

Question 30

Folds of the small intestines are for

Answer 30

increasing surface area slow down the transit of chyme

Question 31

Circular folds (Plicae Circulares) - Ridges in the wall involving the mucosa and submucosa; increase surface area and slow down chyme transit to increase digestion and absorption. Includes ------ and -------- (Brush Border)

Answer 31

Vili and Microvilli

Question 32

Digestive enzymes produced and secreted in the small intestines help to break down disaccharides

Answer 32

Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase also, there are peptidases - break peptides

Question 33

Absorbs water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins; critical in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis

Answer 33

The Large Intestine (Large bowel)

Question 34

The pouch, located in the right lower quadrant, houses lymphatic nodules involved in the immune system.

Answer 34

Cecum

Question 35

A gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions

Answer 35

Pancreas

Question 36

What are the three portions of the pancreas

Answer 36

Wide head Middle body Thin tail tapers to spleen

Question 37

The ----- ------ Duct runs down the middle of the pancreas and merges with the duct from the liver and gallbladder to empty into the duodenum

Answer 37

Main Pancreatic Duct

Question 38

---------- ---------- collective secretions of the pancreatic acinar and duct cells consist of water, multiple digestive enzymes, other proteins, and bicarbonate ions (to neutralize the acidic chyme) pH ------

Answer 38

Pancreatic juice 8.3-8.6

Question 39

Hepatic artery

Answer 39

Brings oxygenated blood to the liver

Question 40

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 40

Brings nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from multiple abdominal organs to the liver.

Question 41

Hepatic vein

Answer 41

Take blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava, located on the liver's superior surface.

Question 42

Stores bile, concentrates and releases it when stimulated

Answer 42

Gallbladder

Question 43

Lumps of calcium salts and cholesterol; if lodged in one of the ducts, causes abdominal pain

Answer 43

Gallstones

Question 44

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Answer 44

Cholecystectomy - May temporarily reduce the ability of the small intestine to digest fats.

Question 45

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the -------- with --------- -------

Answer 45

Mouth, with salivary amylase

Question 46

Carbohydrate digestion Salivary amylase catalyzes reactions that break polysaccharides into ------------ and ------------

Answer 46

Shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides

Question 47

What organ generally inactivates salivary amylase

Answer 47

Stomach acid

Question 48

Carbohydrate digestion resumes in the small intestines with ------- amylase

Answer 48

Pancreatic

Question 49

Pancreatic amylase catalyzes reactions that break remaining polysaccharides into -----------

Answer 49

Oligosaccharides

Question 50

Brush border enzymes are -----------, -----------, -----------

Answer 50

Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase

Question 51

Brush border enzymes catalyze reactions that digest oligosaccharides into -----------

Answer 51

Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 52

protein digestion begins in the ----------- by the protein ---------

Answer 52

Begins in the stomach by the protein pepsin

Question 53

Protein digestion resumes in the small intestines with (#) pancreatic enzymes and ----------- enzymes

Answer 53

5 Pancreatic enzymes brush border enzymes

Question 54

Pancreatic enzymes are released in --------- forms to protect the pancreas from ------------

Answer 54

Inactive forms Autodigestion - digestion of its cells by its own enzymes

Question 55

Lipid digestion - Lipids include fats and oils, but 90% of dietary lipids are -----

Answer 55

triglycerides

Question 56

Lipids are (non)/polar, hydrophobic/hydrophilic

Answer 56

Nonpolar hydrophobic

Question 57

Lipids must be broken into smaller globules by an additional type of mechanical digestion using ------- ------- to increase surface area.

Answer 57

Bile salts

Question 58

Emulsification and emulsion

Answer 58

Emulsification - physically breaking up lipid globules into smaller pieces Emulsion - Multiple tiny lipid droplets coated with bile salts.

Question 59

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption begins in the -------- with ------ --------

Answer 59

Small intestine Pancreatic nucleases

Question 60

Nucleases catalyze reactions that break nucleic acids into ----------

Answer 60

Individual nucleotides

Question 61

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption -------------- remove the phosphate group and the sugar from the nucleotide to leave a phosphate ion, riobose/deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base.

Answer 61

Bursh border enzymes

Question 62

phosphate ion, riobose/deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base are absorbed through active transport processes into blood where they are taken to the ---------- for processing

Answer 62

Liver

Question 63

Absorption of water Over ----- liters of water enter the small intestines each day. About ------- liters are absorbed by the small intestine

Answer 63

9 Liters 8 liters absorbed by the small intestine with rest absorbed by the large intestine

Question 64

Absorption of water ---- liters of water are ingested, so about ----- liters are secreted by the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

Answer 64

2 liters 7 liters

Question 65

About ------- liters of water is excreted in feces

Answer 65

0.1liter

Question 66

Most electrolytes are absorbed by the -----------

Answer 66

Small intestine

Question 67

Many electrolytes are absorbed by the ---------

Answer 67

Large intestine

Question 68

Calcium ions are absorbed with the help of Vitamin --

Answer 68

D