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BIOL 3306 > Chapter 22 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The Digestive System located from the —– to the ——-

A

Head
Abdominopelvic cavity

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2
Q

GI tract / DIgestive tract, also known as

A

Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

What organs does the GI tract include

A

Mouth (oral cavity), esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, pharynx

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4
Q

What accessory organs does the GI tract have

A

Liver, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth, tongue, gallbladder

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5
Q

Digestive system functions

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretions
  3. Propulsion
  4. DIgestion (Chemical+mechanical)
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

What digestive system functions can be found in the mouth (oral cavity)

A

Ingestion
secretions
Propulsions
mechanical and chemical digestion

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7
Q

Food that is ingested into a moist, chewed mass called

A

Bolus

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8
Q

——- & ——— deliver bolus to the stomach through the process of swallowing

A

Pharynx & Esophagus

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9
Q

Forms the roof of the mouth

A

Palate

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10
Q

——- is the inferior projection from the soft palate

A

Uvula

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11
Q

—— closes the trachea so food does not get into the lungs

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

Muscoa and submucosa have ——– ———- that secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus

A

Esophageal Glands

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13
Q

——– ——— ———- Junction of the pharynx and esophagus control passage of the bolus into the esophagus

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

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14
Q

——- ———– ———- Junction of the esophagus and stomach; controls passage of bolus into the stomach and prevents stomach contents entering the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Lower Esophageal Sphincter

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15
Q

During swallowing - the skeletal and smooth muscle of the muscular passageway undergo ——–

A

Peristalysis - Contractions to allow food down through organs

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16
Q

In the stomach:
The convex left side is the —— Curvature
The concave right side is the ——- Curvature

A

Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature

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17
Q

Folds in the stomach that Allow the stomach to expand when eating

A

Rugae

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18
Q

Stomach muscularis externa allows the stomach to perform ——-

A

Churning

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19
Q

Chrning is a motion that turns food into a liquid called

A

Chyme

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20
Q

In stomach mucosa: ——— —– are lined with columnar epithelial cells that secrete a thick coating of mucus to protect the stomach from its own secretions
this can destroy the stomach and cause —– —–

A

Gastric pits
Peptic ulcers

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21
Q

Gastric glands in the stomach have endocrine and exocrine cells. What do they do?

A

Endocrine cells: Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine cells: Secrete acidic, enzyme-containing Gastric juice into the lumen.

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22
Q

———- function - stomach expands from ~50ml to ~1500ml when filled with food and water

A

Receptive function

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23
Q

——— Function - stomach smooth muscles contract rhythmically for churning, controlled by cells called

A

Churning Function
Gastric Pacemakers

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24
Q

——- sphincter - Allow travel from the stomach to the small intestines

A

Pyloric sphincter

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24
Q

——– function of stomach - different materials pass through the pyloric sphincter at (different/same) rates - solids must be converted to a nearly liquid state to pass. Lipids take the (Most/least)

A

Emptying function
Different rates
Lipids take the most time

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25
Q

The duodenum can only process chyme so quickly because -

A

it mixes chyme with pancreatic secretions called pancreatic juice to increase pH so the intestinal mucosa is not damaged and to dilate the chyme with water to prevent water from leaving the intestinal walls.

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26
Q

Longest portion of the alimentary canal

A

Small intestines (Small bowel)
6 m - 20 ft in cadaver (dead body)
3 m - 10 ft in a living person - smooth muscle tone

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27
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intestines

A

Enterocytes - produce multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus.

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28
Q

what kind of nutrient digestion happens in the large intestine by enzymes

A

No nutrient digestion in the large intestine by enzymes

29
Q

What role do enterocytes have besides producing multiple digestive enzymes, hormones, and mucus

A

Enterocytes absorb nutrients, water, vitamins, and other substances into blood or lymph.

30
Q

Folds of the small intestines are for

A

increasing surface area
slow down the transit of chyme

31
Q

Circular folds (Plicae Circulares) - Ridges in the wall involving the mucosa and submucosa; increase surface area and slow down chyme transit to increase digestion and absorption. Includes —— and ——– (Brush Border)

A

Vili and Microvilli

32
Q

Digestive enzymes produced and secreted in the small intestines help to break down disaccharides

A

Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
also, there are peptidases - break peptides

33
Q

Absorbs water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins; critical in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis

A

The Large Intestine (Large bowel)

34
Q

The pouch, located in the right lower quadrant, houses lymphatic nodules involved in the immune system.

A

Cecum

35
Q

A gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

Pancreas

36
Q

What are the three portions of the pancreas

A

Wide head
Middle body
Thin tail tapers to spleen

37
Q

The —– —— Duct runs down the middle of the pancreas and merges with the duct from the liver and gallbladder to empty into the duodenum

A

Main Pancreatic Duct

38
Q

———- ———- collective secretions of the pancreatic acinar and duct cells consist of water, multiple digestive enzymes, other proteins, and bicarbonate ions (to neutralize the acidic chyme) pH ——

A

Pancreatic juice
8.3-8.6

39
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood to the liver

40
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Brings nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from multiple abdominal organs to the liver.

41
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Take blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava, located on the liver’s superior surface.

42
Q

Stores bile, concentrates and releases it when stimulated

A

Gallbladder

43
Q

Lumps of calcium salts and cholesterol; if lodged in one of the ducts, causes abdominal pain

A

Gallstones

44
Q

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystectomy - May temporarily reduce the ability of the small intestine to digest fats.

45
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ——– with ——— ——-

A

Mouth, with salivary amylase

46
Q

Carbohydrate digestion
Salivary amylase catalyzes reactions that break polysaccharides into ———— and ————

A

Shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides

47
Q

What organ generally inactivates salivary amylase

A

Stomach acid

48
Q

Carbohydrate digestion resumes in the small intestines with ——- amylase

A

Pancreatic

49
Q

Pancreatic amylase catalyzes reactions that break remaining polysaccharides into ———–

A

Oligosaccharides

50
Q

Brush border enzymes are ———–, ———–, ———–

A

Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase

51
Q

Brush border enzymes catalyze reactions that digest oligosaccharides into ———–

A

Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose

52
Q

protein digestion begins in the ———– by the protein ———

A

Begins in the stomach by the protein pepsin

53
Q

Protein digestion resumes in the small intestines with (#) pancreatic enzymes and ———– enzymes

A

5 Pancreatic enzymes
brush border enzymes

54
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are released in ——— forms to protect the pancreas from ————

A

Inactive forms
Autodigestion - digestion of its cells by its own enzymes

55
Q

Lipid digestion - Lipids include fats and oils, but 90% of dietary lipids are —–

A

triglycerides

56
Q

Lipids are (non)/polar, hydrophobic/hydrophilic

A

Nonpolar
hydrophobic

57
Q

Lipids must be broken into smaller globules by an additional type of mechanical digestion using ——- ——- to increase surface area.

A

Bile salts

58
Q

Emulsification and emulsion

A

Emulsification - physically breaking up lipid globules into smaller pieces
Emulsion - Multiple tiny lipid droplets coated with bile salts.

59
Q

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption begins in the ——– with —— ——–

A

Small intestine
Pancreatic nucleases

60
Q

Nucleases catalyze reactions that break nucleic acids into ———-

A

Individual nucleotides

61
Q

Nucleic acid digestion and absorption
————– remove the phosphate group and the sugar from the nucleotide to leave a phosphate ion, riobose/deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base.

A

Bursh border enzymes

62
Q

phosphate ion, riobose/deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base are absorbed through active transport processes into blood where they are taken to the ———- for processing

A

Liver

63
Q

Absorption of water
Over —– liters of water enter the small intestines each day. About ——- liters are absorbed by the small intestine

A

9 Liters
8 liters absorbed by the small intestine with rest absorbed by the large intestine

64
Q

Absorption of water
—- liters of water are ingested, so about —– liters are secreted by the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

A

2 liters
7 liters

65
Q

About ——- liters of water is excreted in feces

A

0.1liter

66
Q

Most electrolytes are absorbed by the ———–

A

Small intestine

67
Q

Many electrolytes are absorbed by the ———

A

Large intestine

68
Q

Calcium ions are absorbed with the help of Vitamin –

A

D

69
Q
A

BIOL 3306 (11 decks)

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