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AP Biology Semester 1 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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2
Q

systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
-use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

taxonomy

A

the ordered division and naming of organisms

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4
Q

binomial

A

the two part scientific name of a species

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5
Q

genus

A

first part of the name of species

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6
Q

specific epithet

A

second part of name of species

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7
Q

the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are … (8)

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
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8
Q

taxon

A

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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9
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

systematists depict evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

phylocode

A

which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

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11
Q

a phylogenetic tree represents …

A

a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

branch point

A

represents the divergence of two species

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13
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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14
Q

rooted tree

A

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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15
Q

basal taxon

A

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

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16
Q

polytomy

A

a branch from which more than two groups emerge

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17
Q

phylogenetic trees show patterns of ____

A

descent, not phenotypic similarity

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18
Q

do phylogenetic trees indicate when species evolve or how much change occurred in a lineage?

A

no

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19
Q

to infer phylogenies systematists gather _____, ______, and ____

A
  1. information about morphologies
  2. genes
  3. biochemistry of living organisms
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20
Q

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are ____

A

homologies

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21
Q

similarity due to convergent evolution

A

analogy

22
Q

similarity due to shared ancestry

A

homology

23
Q

convergent evolution

A

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineage

24
Q

homoplasies

A

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called
homoplasies

25
Q

homology can be distinguished form analogy by….

A

comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity

26
Q

the more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are ______

A

homologous

27
Q

molecular systematics

A

uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

28
Q

cladistics

A

groups organisms by common descent

29
Q

clade

A

a group of species that include an ancestral species and all its descendants

30
Q

do all groupings of organisms qualify as clades?

A

no

31
Q

monophyletic

A

signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

32
Q

paraphyletic grouping

A

consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

33
Q

polyphyletic grouping

A

consists of various species with different ancestors

34
Q

in comparison with its ancestor, an organism has both ____ and ______

A

shared and different characteristics

35
Q

shared ancestral character

A

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxo

36
Q

shared derived character

A

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

37
Q

outgroup

A

a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, the various species being studied
-outgroup is a group that has diverged before the ingroup

38
Q

ingroup

A

the various species being studied

39
Q

characteristics shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ….

A

ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor

40
Q

maximum parsimony

A

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

41
Q

maximum likelihood

A

states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

42
Q

gene duplications increases the number of genes in the genome, providing….

A

more opportunities for evolutionary changes

43
Q

repeated gene duplications result in

A

gene families

44
Q

like homologous genes, duplicated genes can be traced to ….

A

common ancestor

45
Q

orthologous genes

A

found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
-they can diverge only after speciation occurs

46
Q

paralogous genes

A

result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
-they can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions

47
Q

_____ genes are widespread and extend across many widely varied species

A

orthologous

48
Q

molecular clock

A

uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

49
Q

natural theary

A

states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and is not influenced by natural selection
• It states that the rate of molecular change in these genes and proteins should be regular like a clock

50
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genes from one genome to another

  • occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and fusion of organisms
  • complicates efforts to build a tree of life

AP Biology Semester 1 (21 decks)

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