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AP Biology Semester 1 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who introduced the double helical model for DNA in 1953?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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2
Q

what is encoded in DNA?

A

hereditary information

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3
Q

DNA directs the development of what?

A

biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits

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4
Q

how was DNA’s role in heredity first discovered?

A

by studying bacteria and the viruses that infect them

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5
Q

Frederick Griffith did what to discover the genetic role of DNA

A

worked with two strains of bacterium, one pathogenic and one harmless
-he mixed heat killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic

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6
Q

transformation

A

a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA

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7
Q

bacteriophages (or phages)

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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8
Q

DNA is a _____ of nucleotides each consisting of a _____ base, a _____, and a ______ group

A
  • polymer
  • nitrogenous
  • sugar
  • phosphate
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9
Q

what are Chargraff’s rules

A
  1. The base composition of DNA varies between species

2. In many species the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal

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10
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a nitrogen containing molecule

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11
Q

What does the 5’ end mean and what does the 3’ end mean?

A

5’ and 3’ refer to the number of carbon in the sugar (deoxyribose) molecule in the DNA
5’ end attaches to a phosphate and if it is an end than it is still attached to a phosphate and it is the 5th carbon in the molecule
3’ end can also attach to a phosphate but if it is an end it is not attached to anything and this is the 3rd carbon in the molecule

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12
Q

a bunch of nucleotides make what?

A

A DNA molecule:
Structure of DNA back bone…
(nucleotide 1) - (nucleotide 2)
(nucleotide 3) - (nucleotide 4)

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13
Q

what makes up a nucleotide? (3)

A

a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base (either Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Guanine)

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14
Q

What did Franklin’s X-ray crystallographic images of DNA enable Watson to deduce?

A

That DNA was helical

  • as well as the width of the helix and the spacing of the nitrogenous bases
  • the pattern in the photo suggested that the DNA molecule was made up of two strands, forming a double helix
  • concluded that there were two outer sugar-phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecules interior
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15
Q

what brings together the two nitrogen bases?

A

a hydrogen bond

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16
Q

antiparallel

A

their subunits run in opposite directions

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17
Q

Adenine pairs with….

A

Thymine

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18
Q

Guanine pairs with….

A

Cytosine

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19
Q

semiconservative model

A

when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (derived or “conserved” from the parent molecule) and one newly made strand

20
Q

origins of replication

A

where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”

21
Q

true or false:

a eukaryotic chromosome may have hundreds or even thousands of origins or replication

A

TRUE

22
Q

replication fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.

23
Q

Helicases

A

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

24
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA

-prevent helix from reforming during replication

25
Q

Topoisomerase

A

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

26
Q

A DNA replication can only start from

_’ to _’

A

3’ to 5’

27
Q

primase

A

Primase functions by synthesizing short RNA sequences that are complementary to a single-stranded piece of DNA, which serves as its template. It is critical that primers are synthesized by primase before DNA replication can occur.

28
Q

RNA primer

A

A primer is a strand of short nucleic acid sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis. It is required for DNA replication because the enzymes that catalyze this process, DNA polymerases, can only add new nucleotides to an existing strand of DNA.

29
Q

each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a ______ _______
-then dATP supplies _____ to DNA (similar to ATP) in order to lose two ______ groups (as a molecule of pyrophosphate)

A
  • nucleoside triphosphate
  • adenine
  • phosphate
30
Q

leading strand

A

the DNA polymerase synthesizes this continuously

31
Q

the DNA polymerase adds on nucleotides in what direction?

A

creating the strand 5’ to 3’ towards the fork!!

32
Q

lagging strand

A

this requires more work. DNA polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork

33
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

a series of segments on the lagging strand

34
Q

DNA ligase

A

join together the okazaki fragments

35
Q

mismatch repair

A

repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing

36
Q

how can DNA undergo spontaneous changes

A

cigarette smoke and X-rays

37
Q

nucleotide excision repair is when a _____

A

nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

38
Q

The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5’ ends, so…

A

repeated rounds of replication produce shorter DNA molecules with uneven ends
*only a problem for eukaryotic cells

39
Q

telomeres

A

special nucleotide sequences… they postpone erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules….like the blank pages in a book

40
Q

telomerase

A

causes the lengthing of telomeres in germ cells

41
Q

true or false:

shortening of telomeres might protect cells from cancerous growth by limiting the number of cell divisions

A

True

42
Q

a bacterial chromosome is a double stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of ______

A

protein

43
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes have linear DNA molecules assoicated with a large amount of ____

A

proteins

44
Q

in bacterium, the DNA is “supercoiled” and found in a region of the cell called the ____

A

nucleoid

45
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and protein, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

46
Q

is the RNA primer always present in the DNA?

A

no it is eventually turned into DNA nucleotides with polymerase I

AP Biology Semester 1 (21 decks)

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