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AP Biology Semester 1 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A

the continuity of life…the reproduction of cells

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2
Q

what type of cell division happens in unicellular organisms?

A

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

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3
Q

multi cellular organisms depend on cell division for… (3 things)

A
  • development from a fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
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4
Q

most cell division results in ______ cells with identical ___…. and what is the exception?

A
  • daughter
  • DNA
  • the exception is meiosis, a special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells
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5
Q

genome

A

all of the DNA in a cell

  • can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotic cells)
  • can consist of a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotic cells)
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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged in the chromosome
-remember a chromosome can look like an x but it can also look like an / because it is the same chromosome just a replica so you say it is still one chromosome

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7
Q

chromatin (definition and where do you find chromatin)

A
  • a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
  • found in eukaryotic cells
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8
Q

somatic cells

A

(nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Gametes

A

(reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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10
Q

in preparation for cell division, ___ is replicated and the ___ condense

A
  • DNA

- Chromosomes

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11
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosome which separate during cell division

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12
Q

centromere

A

the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are mostly attached

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13
Q

During cell division, the two sister chromatids ____ and ____ into two nuclei

A
  • separate

- move

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14
Q

once sister chromatids are separated into two nuclei what are they called?

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

eukaryotic cells consist of what type of cell division?

A
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
  • meiosis
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16
Q

mitosis

A

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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17
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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18
Q

meiosis

A

gametes being produced

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19
Q

What does the cell cycle consist of ?

A
  • mitotic phase (M)

- interphase

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20
Q

mitotic phase (M)

A

-mitosis and cytokinesis

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21
Q

interphase

A
  • cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division
  • is about 90% of the cell cycle
  • G1 phase (first gap/growth)
  • S Phase (synthesis)
  • G2 phase (2nd gap/growth)
  • **the cell grows in all 3 phases, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase
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22
Q

mitosis is divided into what 5 phases?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. Telophase
    * **cytokinesis overlaps the latter stages of mitosis (telophase)
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23
Q

what happens in G1 phase?

A

the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis.

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24
Q

what happens in S Phase?

A

To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase.

25
Q

what happens in G2 phase?

A

a safety gap during which a cell can check to make sure that the entirety of its DNA and other intracellular components have been properly duplicated. In addition to acting as a checkpoint along the cell cycle, G2 also represents the cell’s final chance to grow before it is split into two independent cells during mitosis.

26
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible, the nucleolus disappears, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disappears. Chromosomes become more coiled

27
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A

phosphorylation of nuclear lamins causes the nuclear membrane to break down into numerous small vesicles. As a result, the spindle microtubules now have direct access to the genetic material of the cell.

28
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell

29
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

separation of sister chromatids to opposite mitotic spindle poles.

30
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end.

31
Q

mitotic spindle

A

a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

32
Q

what begins in the centrosome?

A

the assembly of spindle microtubules…the centrosome is the microtubule organizing center.

33
Q

when do cetrosomes replicate?

A

during interphase, which forms two centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and prometaphase

34
Q

aster

A
  • a radial array of short microtubules

- extends from each centrosome

35
Q

the spindle includes what 3 things?

A
  1. centrosomes
  2. the spindle microtubules
  3. asters
36
Q

kinetochores

A

protein complexes associated with centromeres

37
Q

what do spindle microtubules do during prometaphase?

A

attach themselves to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes

38
Q

how do microtubules pull chromatids to opposite parts of the cell?

A

the microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their kinetochrome ends

39
Q

nonkinetochore microtubules

A

nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell

40
Q

cytokinesis occurs by a process known as _____, forming a _____ _____ (IN ANIMAL CELLS)

A
  • Cleavage

- Cleavage furrow

41
Q

cytokinesis IN PLANTS forms a ______

A

cell plate

42
Q

binary fission

A
  • for prokaryotes
  • the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin or replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
  • plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two
  • *much simpler than mitosis
43
Q

mitosis evolved from ____ _____

A

binary fission

44
Q

the cell cycle appears to be driven by specific ____ _____ present int the cytoplasm

A

-chemical signals

45
Q

cell cycle control system

A

the sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system

46
Q

how many checkpoints are there? and what are their names?

A
  1. G1 checkpoint
  2. G2 checkpoint
  3. M checkpoint
47
Q

what does the G1 checkpoint do?

A
  • if it is not needed or does not have the necessities to duplicate then it exits the cycle and destroys itself
  • or it goes into a resting phase called the G0 phase (nondividing state)
48
Q

what two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control?

A
  1. cyclins

2. cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

49
Q

maturation-promoting factor (MPF)

A

a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

50
Q

growth factors (what is an example)

A

proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide
-PDGF

51
Q

density dependent inhibition (an external signal)

A

crowded cells stop dividing

52
Q

what is an example of an internal signal?

A

when kinetochores are not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

53
Q

anchorage dependence (an external signal)

A

animal cells must be attached to a substratum (an underlying layer or substance) in order to divide

54
Q

true or false: cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

A

TRUE

55
Q

cancer cells do not need ____ ____ to grow and divide and why

A

growth factors

  • they make their own growth factors
  • they convey (transport or carry to a place) a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor
  • they have an abnormal cell cycle control system
56
Q

transformation

A

a normal cell being converted to a cancerous cell

57
Q

benign tumor

A

abnormal cells remain at the original site

58
Q

malignant tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form addition tumors

AP Biology Semester 1 (21 decks)

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