Chapter 22

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

descent with modification

-can be viewed as a pattern and a process

Question 2

taxonomy

Answer 2

the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms

Question 3

who developed the binomial format for naming species?

Answer 3

carolus linnaeus

Question 4

fossils

Answer 4

remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata

Question 5

in sedimentary rock where is the most recent fossils and where are the older fossils?

Answer 5

• younger fossils are more towards the top of the sedimentary rock
• older fossils are more towards the bottom of the sedimentary rock

Question 6

paleontology

Answer 6

study of fossils

Question 7

catastrophism

Answer 7

speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catasrophe

Question 8

perceived changes in Earth’s surface can result from _______

Answer 8

slow continuous actions still operating today

Question 9

uniformitarianism

Answer 9

the mechanisms of change are constant over time

Question 10

what did Lamarck hypothesize?

Answer 10

species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
-not true

Question 11

natural selection

Answer 11

the mechanism of descent with modification

• individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• increases the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time
• if an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species

Question 12

what is descent with modification?

Answer 12

the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past

Question 13

artificial selection

Answer 13

humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

Question 14

what are two important observations Darwin had?

Answer 14

1- members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
2-all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

Question 15

From the two observations Darwin had, what are his two inferences?

Answer 15

1-individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
2-this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 16

if some heritable traits are advantageous, these will _____ in a population over time, and this will ______ the frequency of individuals with these traits

Answer 16

• accumulate

- increase

Question 17

true or false:

individuals evolve

Answer 17

FALSE

-populations evolve over time

Question 18

True or false:

natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

True or false:

Adaptation don’t vary with different environments

Answer 19

FALSE

adaptations vary with different environments

Question 20

Can natural selection make up new traits?

Answer 20

no, it can only edit or select for traits already present in the population

Question 21

homology

Answer 21

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 22

homologous structures

Answer 22

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

Question 23

comparative embryology

Answer 23

reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organsims

Question 24

vestigial structures

Answer 24

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

Question 25

evolutionary trees

Answer 25

hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

Question 26

convergent evolution

Answer 26

evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups

Question 27

when do analogous traits arise?

Answer 27

when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

Question 28

does convergent evolution provide info about ancestry?

Answer 28

NO

Question 29

Fossil record

Answer 29

provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time

Question 30

biogeography

Answer 30

the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution

Question 31

pangea

Answer 31

when earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent

Question 32

endemic species

Answer 32

species that are not found anywhere else in the world