Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology Semester 1 > AP Biology Chapter 4-5*** > Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 4-5*** Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do most organic compounds contain other than carbon?

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is vitalism and was it proven to be true?

A

the idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms…no this is false. disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is mechanism? and who demonstrated this?

A

the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws. Stanley Miller showed in an experiment how the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could arise from nonliving things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many electrons does carbon need to be “happy”?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of bonds does carbon make?

A

single or double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the ability of carbon to connect to four other atoms/elements means what?

A

that is has versatility to make large complex molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are carbons most frequent partners?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are skeletons?

A

carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the variations in skeletons?

A

vary in length, may be unbranched or branched, may have double bonds which can vary in location, can be arranged in rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are hydrocarbons prevalent in most living organisms?

A

no but many of a cell’s organic molecules have regions consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are characteristics of hydrocarbons?

A

can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.
-atoms of hydrogen are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structural isomers differ in mostly what?

A

the variation in the carbon skeleton. whether its branched or in a ring etc
-also can differ in location of double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cis-trans isomers usually involve what?…what does the “cis” mean and what does the “trans” mean

A

a double bond between two carbon atoms…

  1. cis is when the two x’s are on the same side
  2. trans is when the two x’s (or atoms that the carbon is attached to) are on opposite sides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an asymmetric carbon?

A

one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the idea of enantiomers

A

the atoms or groups of atoms can be moved around the carbon in different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are functional groups?

A

The functional group gives the molecule

its properties… they are centers of chemical reactivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhyrdryl, and phosphate chemical groups are all what…. (having to do with water)

A

hyrdophillic meaning it makes the molecules easily dissolve into water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the methyl group is what….(having to do with water)

A

hydrophobic instead what it does is serve as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the critically important large molecules of all living things fall into which four main classes?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which of the four main classes of large molecules are categorized as macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

macromolecules can also be seen as…

A

chain like molecule called polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are polymers made up of?

A

monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do polymers make they chain of monomers?

A

through covalent bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the process of making or breaking polymers is facilitated by what?

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how are monomers connected?

A

by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule which is called DEHYDRATION REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are monomers disconnected?

A

through HYDROLYSIS… the reverse of dehydration reaction so… the bond is broken by the addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is there a big amount of different macromolecules or a small amount

A

a VERY big amount of macromolecules …. there are 40-50 common monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do carbohydrates include?

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the simplest carbs?

A

monosaccharides…the monomers from which more complex carbs are constructed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is it called when two monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond?

A

disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the make up of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

monosaccharides are usually multiples of….

A

CH2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are some chemical groups that are trademarks of sugars?

A
  • carbonyl

- hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do monosaccharides do for cells?

A

they are the major nutrient source for cells…cells extract cellular respiration and carbon skeletons are recycled to make other small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the glycosidic linkage pertain to?

A

specific linkage for sugars

38
Q

what are hexoses?

trioses? and pentoses? (when it comes to the carbon skeleton in sugars)

A

sugars with 6 carbons
sugars with 3 carbons
sugars with 5 carbons

39
Q

polysaccharides?

A

polymers with A LOT of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

40
Q

what do polysaccharides serve as?

A
  • storage material…hyrdrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells
  • serve as building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism
41
Q

how do animals and plants store sugar?

A

in the form of storage saccharides

42
Q

what is starch

A

glucose polymer for plants

-glucose monomers in starch are joined by 1-4 linkages

43
Q

where is starch stored?

A

-in plastids…most animals can hydrolyze starch meaning they can later withdraw from this carbohydrate “bank” by hydrolysis

44
Q

where is starch a major source in?

A

potatoes and grain!

45
Q

what is a polysaccharide animals store?

A

glycogen

46
Q

where do animals store glycogen?

A

in their liver and muscle cells

47
Q

organisms build strong materials from…

A

structural polysaccharides

48
Q

what is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells?

A

cellulose

49
Q

true or false: cellulose is a polymer of glucose

A

true

50
Q

what is the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons?

A

CHITIN

51
Q

lipids are not considered ____ and do not include true _____

A
  1. macromolecules

2. polymers

52
Q

why are compounds, called lipids, grouped together?

A

because they mix poorly or not at all in water

53
Q

what are the three types of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

54
Q

true or false: lipids are mostly hyrdrophobic molecules with deverse function

A

true

55
Q

what are fats made up of?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

56
Q

what type of linkages do fats have?

A

ester linkage: bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl

57
Q

how are fats made?

A

three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, a bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group….thus what is made is triacylglycerol (consists of three fatty acids and one glyceral molecule)

58
Q

what do saturated and unsaturated fats mean to the structure of fats?

A

it refers to the structure of the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids…when as many hydrogen (the max) bonds are happening on a carbon skeleton then it is SATURATED. when there are one or more double bonds then there are less hydrogen bonds thus it is called UNSATURATED

59
Q

true or false: not a lot of animal fats are saturated

A

false. most are

60
Q

how does a fatty acid look like?

A

hydrocarbon tail and hydrophilic head

61
Q

the major function of a fat is…

A
  • energy storage
  • cushions vital organs
  • insulates
  • more compact fuel than carbohydrates
62
Q

why are phospholipids essential?

A

because they make up cell membranes

63
Q

what is the difference between a fat and a phospholipid?

A

phospholipid only has two fatty acids

64
Q

what does a phospholipid look like?

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

65
Q

what do phospholipids self assemble into?

A

double layered structures called “bilayers”

66
Q

what do phospholipids do for the cell?

A

it marks the boundaries of the cell and provides a barrier

67
Q

how are steroids characterized?

A

a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

68
Q

how are steroids distinguished?

A

by the chemical group that is attached to the ensemble of rings

69
Q

true or false: cholesterol is not important to animals

A

false..a crucial steroid in animals

70
Q

what is a cholesterol a precursor to?

A

sex hormones and a variety of other steroids

71
Q

where is cholesterol synthesized

A

in the liver

72
Q

is cholesterol a component of the cell membrane?

A

yes

73
Q

why are proteins important?

A

proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells, and they are instrumental in almost everything organisms do.

74
Q

what are some roles of proteins

A
  • speed up chemical reactions
  • role in defense
  • storage
  • transport
  • cellular communication
  • movement
  • structural support
75
Q

most of enzymes are what?…

A

PROTEINS

76
Q

polymers of amino acids are….

A

polypeptides

77
Q

what is a protein

A

a functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides..(each folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure)

78
Q

what are amino acids made up of?

A

organic molecules possesing both an AMINO ACID and a CARBOXYL GROUP

  • center carbon is called an alpha carbon
  • Hydrogen atom
  • an R Group (also called the side chain) differs with each amino acid
  • only 20 amino acids to choose from
79
Q

what determines the unique characteristics of amino acid?

A

the side chain…or the R group

80
Q

what is an amino acid?

A

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino group

81
Q

what are polypeptide chains?

A

polymers that are formed when amino acid monomers are linked by peptide bonds

82
Q

what are peptide bonds?

A

the linkage between amino acids…through dehydration synthesis

83
Q

what is the first level of protein structure?

A

linear chain of amino acid created by peptide bonds

84
Q

what is the second level of protein structure?

A

-hydrogen bonds occur between repeating constituents of the backbone..creation of Alpha Helix or Beta pleated

85
Q

what is the third level of protein structure?

A

R groups begin to bond..repeated folding of backbone

86
Q

what are the 4 types of bonds in the third level of protein structure?

A
  1. weak interactions (van der waals)
  2. covalent linkage- Disulfide bridges
  3. ionic bonding
  4. hydrogen bonds
87
Q

what is the fourth level of protein structure?

A

interactions of several polypeptides …some proteins consist of 2 or more polypeptide chains

88
Q

what is sickle cell disease?

A

a change in the primary structure

-even a slight difference can alter a protein’s shape and ability to function

89
Q

what determines protein structure?

A
  • can spontaneously arrange itself into a 3D shape

- can also depend on environment (pH, salt concentration, temp, etc)

90
Q

what is denaturation

A

when proteins unravel and lose its native shape because of changes in its environment

91
Q

what are chaperonins

A

they are crucial to the folding of proteins in the cell

—protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

92
Q

Role of nucleic acids?

A

make up DNA

-codes for the primary structure of a protein

AP Biology Semester 1 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions