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AP Biology Semester 1 > Chapter 1-5 VOCAB*** > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 VOCAB*** Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some properties of life? (7)

A
  1. Order- ordered structure that characterizes life
  2. Evolutionary adaption- adaptions evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environment
  3. response to the environment-response to the environmental stimulus
  4. Reproduction- organisms reproduce their own kind
  5. Growth and development- inherited info carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development of organisms
  6. energy processing- obtaining fuel (or food) and having a chemical energy to process the fuel
  7. Regulation- regulation of blood through blood vessels
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2
Q

emergent properties

A

properties that are not present at the preceding level of the organism

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3
Q

Systems biology

A

an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the systems parts

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4
Q

What are the levels of biological organization

A
  1. The Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Communities
  4. Populations
  5. Organisms
  6. Organs and Organ Systems
  7. Tissues
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles
  10. Molecules
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5
Q

The Biosphere

A

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists-regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere, etc

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6
Q

Ecosystems

A

Grasslands, deserts, and the ocean’s coral reefs are examples. An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light. All ecosystems make biosphere

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7
Q

Communities

A

the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Within the communities there are species such as trees, animals, fungi, bacteria, etc

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8
Q

Populations

A

consists of all individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.

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9
Q

Organisms

A

individual living things are called organisms. each maple tree, deer, frog, etc is an organism

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10
Q

Organs and Organ systems

A

Organs- a body part that carries out a particular function in the body.
organ systems- The organs of humans, other complex animals, and plants are organized into organ systems, each a team of organs that cooperate in a larger function.

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11
Q

Tissues

A

made up of a group of cells that work together performing a specialized function. Each tissue has a distinct cellular structure

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12
Q

Cells

A

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. Amoebas and most bacteria are single cells. other organisms are multi cellular. multi cellular have division of labor between all cells. one cell is about 40 micrometers.

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13
Q

organelles

A

the various functional components present in cells. Specialized structures within a living cell

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14
Q

Molecules

A

a chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms.

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15
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles. the largest organelle is the nucleus, which contains the cell’s DNA. other organelles are located in the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

the entire region between the nucleus and outer membrane of the cell

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17
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane bounded nucleus. Also lack the other kinds of membrane enclosed organelles that characterize eukaryotic cells.

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18
Q

gene expression

A

the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product

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19
Q

genome

A

the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

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20
Q

genomics

A

studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species

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21
Q

bioinformatics

A

the use of computational tools to tore, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high throughput methods.

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22
Q

negative feedback

A

a reaction that causes a decrease in function. it occurs in response to some stimuli.

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23
Q

positive feedback

A

an end product speeds up its own production.

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24
Q

what are the 3 domains in life

A

Domain bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

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25
Q

what is within the eukarya domain

A

plantae, fungi, protists, and animalia

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26
Q

what cell type are domain bacteria and archaea

A

prokaryotic cells

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27
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary adaption where only the fittest survive

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28
Q

inductive reasoning

A

we derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations

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29
Q

deductive reasoing

A

a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

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30
Q

controlled experiment

A

one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

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31
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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32
Q

compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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33
Q

essential elements

A

elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. Varies among organisms

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34
Q

Trace elements

A

required by an organism in only minute quantities

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35
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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36
Q

what is in an atom

A

electrons, nucleus, and electrons

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37
Q

what is the mass of protons an neutrons

A

both around 1.7 X 10^-24 gram or 1 Dalton

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38
Q

atomic number

A

a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. tells us it has __ # of protons which and that same number corresponds to the # of electrons

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39
Q

mass number

A

the sum of protons and neutrons

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40
Q

atomic mass

A

the total mass of the atom

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41
Q

isotopes

A

different atomic forms of the same element. different number of neutrons

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42
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

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43
Q

energy

A

defined as capacity to cause change

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44
Q

Potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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45
Q

electron shells

A

levels at different distances to the nucleus. the farther away from the nucleus the more energy

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46
Q

valence electrons

A

number of electrons in its outermost shell

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47
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost shell

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48
Q

orbital

A

the three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

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49
Q

chemical bonds

A

atoms staying close together, held by attractions

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50
Q

what are the strongest kinds of chemical bonds

A

covalent bonds and ionic bonds

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51
Q

covalent bond

A

the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.

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52
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a molecule

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53
Q

single bond

A

a pair of shared electrons

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54
Q

double bond

A

two pairs of shared electrons

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55
Q

valence

A

the bonding capacity

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56
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond . the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

57
Q

why are electrons shared equally in a covalent bond?

A

because they have equal electronegativity

58
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have same electronegativity so the tug of war is at a standoff

59
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. vary in polarity

60
Q

ion

A

a charged atom..which is when it has either more protons than electrons or more electrons than protons

61
Q

cation

A

when the ion is positive..more protons than electrons

62
Q

anion

A

when the ion is negative…more electrons than protons

63
Q

ionic bond

A

the complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another

64
Q

ionic compounds/salts

A

compounds formed by ionic bonds

65
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

66
Q

van der waals interactions

A

electrons are not always symmetrically distributed in a nonpolar covalent bond. at any instant they accummulate by change in one part of the molecule. the results are ever changing regions of positive or negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another. individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. when many occur simultaneously they can be powerful

67
Q

reactants

A

materials or atoms that are at first separate but will interact

68
Q

product

A

the molecules that are made from the reactant

69
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

reactions are still going but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products. when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

70
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms

71
Q

polar molecule

A

its overall charge is unevenly distributed

72
Q

cohesion

A

the sticking together of particles of the same substance

73
Q

adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to a different substance

74
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

75
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

76
Q

heat

A

form of energy, for a given body of matter the amount of heat is a measure of total KE

77
Q

temperature

A

measure of heat intensity

78
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat it takes to raise temp of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius

79
Q

specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

80
Q

heat of vaporization

A

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

81
Q

evaporative cooling

A

as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. occurs because the “hottest” molecules are most likely to leave

82
Q

solution

A

mixture of two or more substances

83
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent

84
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

85
Q

aqueous solution

A

one in which water is the solvent

86
Q

hydration shell

A

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

87
Q

hyrdrophilic

A

has an affinity (love for) for water

88
Q

colloid

A

when a molecule is so large that it becomes suspended in aqueous liquid

89
Q

hydrophobic

A

substances that are nonionic and nonpolar that seem to repel water

90
Q

molecular mass

A

the sum of the masses of all atoms in a molecule

91
Q

mole

A

and exact number of objects… 6.02X10^23

92
Q

Molarity

A

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

93
Q

hydrogen ion

A

a single proton with a charge of 1+

94
Q

hyrdoxide ion

A

(OH-) which has a charge of 1-

95
Q

hyrdonium

A

(H3O+)

96
Q

when do hyrdoxide and hyrdonium show up?

A

when two water molecules are interacting and a hydrogen ion is transferred

97
Q

acid

A

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

98
Q

base

A

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration

99
Q

buffer

A

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+. It does so by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess or donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted

100
Q

ocean acidification

A

when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH

101
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of carbon compounds

102
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

103
Q

isomers

A

compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

104
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

105
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

106
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

107
Q

what is an asymmetric carbon

A

one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms

108
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions. the chemical groups are functional groups. functional groups participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way from one organic molecule to another

109
Q

ATP

A

said to store energy. It is more accurate to think of it as storing the potential to react with water. this reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell.

110
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

111
Q

monomers

A

the building blocks that make the polymers

112
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

113
Q

dehydration reaction

A

when there is a bond in which there is a loss of a water molecule

114
Q

hydrolysis

A

the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

115
Q

carbohydrates

A

include sugars and polymers of sugars

116
Q

monosaccharides

A

generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O (glucose)…also called simple simple sugars

117
Q

disaccharides

A

consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

118
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalen bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

119
Q

polysaccharides

A

macromolecules…polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides jjoined by glycosidic linkage

120
Q

starch

A

a polymer of glucose monomers

121
Q

glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose that animals store

122
Q

cellulose

A

a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

123
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide…a carbohydrate used by anthropods such as spiders and insects

124
Q

lipids

A

a class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers and are not big enough to be macromolecules. they mix poorly if at all with water.

125
Q

fatty acid

A

has a long carbon skeleton…usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length.

126
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.. is said to be saturated with hydrogen

127
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon. nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are cis double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

128
Q

trans fat

A

as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds.

129
Q

phospholipids

A

they make up cell membranes..a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

130
Q

steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

131
Q

cholesterol

A

a crucial molecule in animals. common component of animal cell membranes. also precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.

132
Q

catalysts

A

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions

133
Q

polypeptides

A

polymers of amino acid

134
Q

protein

A

a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into specific 3D shape

135
Q

peptide bond

A

when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group o the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction, with the removal of a water molecule..resulting covalent bond is peptide bond

136
Q

sickle cell

A

a disease that is caused by the substitution of one amino acid for the normal at a particular position in the primary structure of the hemoglobin

137
Q

denaturation

A

if the pH salt concentration, temp, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed causing gthe protein to unravel and lose its native shape

138
Q

Chaperonins

A

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

AP Biology Semester 1 (21 decks)

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