Chapter 1-5 VOCAB*** Flashcards
What are some properties of life? (7)
- Order- ordered structure that characterizes life
- Evolutionary adaption- adaptions evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environment
- response to the environment-response to the environmental stimulus
- Reproduction- organisms reproduce their own kind
- Growth and development- inherited info carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development of organisms
- energy processing- obtaining fuel (or food) and having a chemical energy to process the fuel
- Regulation- regulation of blood through blood vessels
emergent properties
properties that are not present at the preceding level of the organism
Systems biology
an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the systems parts
What are the levels of biological organization
- The Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- Communities
- Populations
- Organisms
- Organs and Organ Systems
- Tissues
- Cells
- Organelles
- Molecules
The Biosphere
consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists-regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere, etc
Ecosystems
Grasslands, deserts, and the ocean’s coral reefs are examples. An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light. All ecosystems make biosphere
Communities
the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Within the communities there are species such as trees, animals, fungi, bacteria, etc
Populations
consists of all individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.
Organisms
individual living things are called organisms. each maple tree, deer, frog, etc is an organism
Organs and Organ systems
Organs- a body part that carries out a particular function in the body.
organ systems- The organs of humans, other complex animals, and plants are organized into organ systems, each a team of organs that cooperate in a larger function.
Tissues
made up of a group of cells that work together performing a specialized function. Each tissue has a distinct cellular structure
Cells
life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. Amoebas and most bacteria are single cells. other organisms are multi cellular. multi cellular have division of labor between all cells. one cell is about 40 micrometers.
organelles
the various functional components present in cells. Specialized structures within a living cell
Molecules
a chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms.
eukaryotic cell
subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles. the largest organelle is the nucleus, which contains the cell’s DNA. other organelles are located in the cytoplasm.
cytoplasm
the entire region between the nucleus and outer membrane of the cell
prokaryotic cell
the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane bounded nucleus. Also lack the other kinds of membrane enclosed organelles that characterize eukaryotic cells.
gene expression
the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product
genome
the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
genomics
studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species
bioinformatics
the use of computational tools to tore, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high throughput methods.
negative feedback
a reaction that causes a decrease in function. it occurs in response to some stimuli.
positive feedback
an end product speeds up its own production.
what are the 3 domains in life
Domain bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
what is within the eukarya domain
plantae, fungi, protists, and animalia
what cell type are domain bacteria and archaea
prokaryotic cells
natural selection
evolutionary adaption where only the fittest survive
inductive reasoning
we derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations
deductive reasoing
a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true
controlled experiment
one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
element
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
compound
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
essential elements
elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. Varies among organisms
Trace elements
required by an organism in only minute quantities
atom
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
what is in an atom
electrons, nucleus, and electrons
what is the mass of protons an neutrons
both around 1.7 X 10^-24 gram or 1 Dalton
atomic number
a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. tells us it has __ # of protons which and that same number corresponds to the # of electrons
mass number
the sum of protons and neutrons
atomic mass
the total mass of the atom
isotopes
different atomic forms of the same element. different number of neutrons
radioactive isotopes
one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy
energy
defined as capacity to cause change
Potential energy
energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
electron shells
levels at different distances to the nucleus. the farther away from the nucleus the more energy
valence electrons
number of electrons in its outermost shell
valence shell
the outermost shell
orbital
the three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
chemical bonds
atoms staying close together, held by attractions
what are the strongest kinds of chemical bonds
covalent bonds and ionic bonds
covalent bond
the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds constitute a molecule
single bond
a pair of shared electrons
double bond
two pairs of shared electrons
valence
the bonding capacity
electronegativity
the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond . the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
why are electrons shared equally in a covalent bond?
because they have equal electronegativity
nonpolar covalent bond
bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have same electronegativity so the tug of war is at a standoff
polar covalent bond
when one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. vary in polarity
ion
a charged atom..which is when it has either more protons than electrons or more electrons than protons
cation
when the ion is positive..more protons than electrons
anion
when the ion is negative…more electrons than protons
ionic bond
the complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another
ionic compounds/salts
compounds formed by ionic bonds
hydrogen bond
the noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom
van der waals interactions
electrons are not always symmetrically distributed in a nonpolar covalent bond. at any instant they accummulate by change in one part of the molecule. the results are ever changing regions of positive or negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another. individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. when many occur simultaneously they can be powerful
reactants
materials or atoms that are at first separate but will interact
product
the molecules that are made from the reactant
chemical equilibrium
reactions are still going but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products. when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
polar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms
polar molecule
its overall charge is unevenly distributed
cohesion
the sticking together of particles of the same substance
adhesion
the clinging of one substance to a different substance
surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
heat
form of energy, for a given body of matter the amount of heat is a measure of total KE
temperature
measure of heat intensity
calorie
amount of heat it takes to raise temp of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius
specific heat
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius
heat of vaporization
quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
evaporative cooling
as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. occurs because the “hottest” molecules are most likely to leave
solution
mixture of two or more substances
solvent
dissolving agent
solute
substance being dissolved
aqueous solution
one in which water is the solvent
hydration shell
sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
hyrdrophilic
has an affinity (love for) for water
colloid
when a molecule is so large that it becomes suspended in aqueous liquid
hydrophobic
substances that are nonionic and nonpolar that seem to repel water
molecular mass
the sum of the masses of all atoms in a molecule
mole
and exact number of objects… 6.02X10^23
Molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
hydrogen ion
a single proton with a charge of 1+
hyrdoxide ion
(OH-) which has a charge of 1-
hyrdonium
(H3O+)
when do hyrdoxide and hyrdonium show up?
when two water molecules are interacting and a hydrogen ion is transferred
acid
a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
base
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration
buffer
a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+. It does so by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess or donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted
ocean acidification
when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH
organic chemistry
study of carbon compounds
hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
isomers
compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties
structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
cis-trans isomers
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.
enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon
what is an asymmetric carbon
one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms
functional groups
chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions. the chemical groups are functional groups. functional groups participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way from one organic molecule to another
ATP
said to store energy. It is more accurate to think of it as storing the potential to react with water. this reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell.
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
monomers
the building blocks that make the polymers
enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
dehydration reaction
when there is a bond in which there is a loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis
the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
carbohydrates
include sugars and polymers of sugars
monosaccharides
generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O (glucose)…also called simple simple sugars
disaccharides
consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
glycosidic linkage
a covalen bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
polysaccharides
macromolecules…polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides jjoined by glycosidic linkage
starch
a polymer of glucose monomers
glycogen
a polymer of glucose that animals store
cellulose
a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
chitin
a structural polysaccharide…a carbohydrate used by anthropods such as spiders and insects
lipids
a class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers and are not big enough to be macromolecules. they mix poorly if at all with water.
fatty acid
has a long carbon skeleton…usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length.
saturated fatty acid
if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.. is said to be saturated with hydrogen
unsaturated fatty acid
has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon. nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are cis double bonds, which cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain
trans fat
as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds.
phospholipids
they make up cell membranes..a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
cholesterol
a crucial molecule in animals. common component of animal cell membranes. also precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.
catalysts
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions
polypeptides
polymers of amino acid
protein
a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into specific 3D shape
peptide bond
when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group o the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction, with the removal of a water molecule..resulting covalent bond is peptide bond
sickle cell
a disease that is caused by the substitution of one amino acid for the normal at a particular position in the primary structure of the hemoglobin
denaturation
if the pH salt concentration, temp, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed causing gthe protein to unravel and lose its native shape
Chaperonins
protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
