Chapter 25 - Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
the reproductive system is responsible for
A
passing genes to the next generation
developing secondary sex characteristics
2
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
features that appear during puberty that distinguish sexes, influence attraction, and signal sexual maturity
3
Q
secondary sex characteristics develop due to
A
hormone influences
4
Q
female secondary sex characteristics
A
breasts and wider pelvis
5
Q
male secondary sex characteristics
A
body and facial hair
6
Q
sex organs are also called
A
genitals/genitalia
7
Q
primary sex organs
A
produce gametes
8
Q
primary sex organs are also called
A
gonads
9
Q
gametes
A
haploid sex cells
10
Q
types of gametes
A
ovum and sperm
11
Q
fusion of ovum and sperm cause
A
formation of diploid zygote -> embryo -> fetus -> baby
12
Q
male gonads
A
testes
13
Q
female gonads
A
ovaries
14
Q
secondary sex organs
A
don’t produce gametes but are necessary for reproduction
15
Q
male secondary sex organs
A
ducts delivering sperm, glands delivering semen
16
Q
female secondary sex organs
A
uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
17
Q
the parent producing sperm is considered
A
male
18
Q
the parent producing ovum is considered
A
female
19
Q
sperm
A
gamete with motility
20
Q
males require
A
Y chromosome
21
Q
ovum
A
immobile, large, contains nutrients for future embryo
22
Q
females require
A
absence of Y chromosome
23
Q
gonadotropin hormones are secreted by
A
the anterior pituitary gland
24
Q
gonadotropin hormones
A
FSH and LH
25
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
26
LH
luteinizing hormone
27
gonadotropin hormones target
the gonads
28
gonadotropin hormones are named for the effects on
the female gonads
29
FSH effect on females
stimulates development of ovarian follicles
30
FSH effect on males
stimulates sperm production
31
LH effect on females
stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
32
LH effect on males
stimulates testosterone secretion from testes
33
male puberty
period of time from on set of gonadotropin secretion until first ejaculation of viable sperm
34
male puberty timeline
starts around 10-12, end around 14
35
female puberty
period of time from onset of gonadotropin secretion until menarche
36
menarche
first menstrual period
37
female puberty timeline
starts around age 8-10, ends around 12
38
female puberty timeline varies due to
body fat and GnRH production
39
adolescence
period of time from on set of puberty until attainment of full adult height
40
is adolescence longer, shorter, or the same time as puberty?
longer
41
general cause of puberty
secretion of gonadotropins
42
cause of male puberty
rising levels of androgens
43
androgens
testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
44
effects of testosterone on male puberty
sperm production, body growth, increased libido
45
effects of DHT on male puberty
body and facial hair, oily skin, acne
46
cause of female puberty
ovarian follicles produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgen
47
effect of estrogen on female puberty
body fat deposition, pelvic widening, body growth
48
effect of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin on female puberty
thelarche
49
thelarche
breast development
50
effect of androgens on female puberty
pubarche
51
pubarche
pubic and axillary hair
52
female gonad
ovary
53
oocytes
immature female gametes
54
ovarian follicle
collection of cells that surround, support, and protect an oocyte
55
uterine tubes
muscular tube that receives ovum from ovary
56
the uterine tubes are also called
oviducts or fallopian tubes
57
zygote
fertilized egg
58
the uterine tube connects the ____ to ____
ovary to the uterus
59
uterus
muscular chamber opening into the roof of the vagina
60
where in the uterus does the embryo implant
endometrium
61
endometrium
layer of the uterus facing the lumen
62
female sexual cycle
events that occur every 21 days when pregnancy does not occur
63
cycles of the sexual cycle
ovarian and menstrual cycles
64
ovarian cycle
monthly events of the ovaries
65
phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal phases
66
days of the follicular phase
days 1-14
67
days of the luteal phase
days 15-28
68
menstrual cycle
monthly changes to the uterus
69
phases of the menstrual cycle
menstrual, proliferation, secretory, prementsrual
70
days of the menstrual phase
days 1-5
71
days of the proliferative phase
days 6-14
72
days of the secretory phase
days 15-26
73
days of the premenstrual phase
`days 26-28
74
what occurs in the follicular phase
ovarian follicle develops
75
what menstrual phases occur during the follicular phase
menstrual and proliferative phases
76
what occurs in the menstrual phase
previously built up menstrual wall sloughs away
77
what occurs in the proliferative phase
endometrium goes through mitosis
78
ovulation
ovum is released from the follicle
79
on what day of the sexual cycle does ovulation occur
day 15
80
luteal phase
ovulated follicle becomes corpus luteum, eventually degenerating into the corpus albicans
81
uterine phases during the luteal phase
secretory and premenstrual phases
82
secretory phase
endometrium of the uterine wall continues to thicken
83
premenstrual phase
endometrium of the uterine wall begins to breakdown
84
hormones of day 1-5 of the follicular phase
FSH stimulates growth of follicles, causing granulosa cells to secrete estradiol
85
function of estradiol in the follicular phase
inhibits GnRH and FSH, stimulates LH
86
hormones in the menstrual phase
built up endometrium sloughs off
87
menses
endometrium sloughing off
88
hormones in day 6-14 of the follicular phase
developed follicle produces estradiol, causing an increase in GnRH, FSH, and LH
89
hormones in the proliferative phase
high estradiol levels cause mitosis in the endometrium, estradiol stimulates the endometrium to produce receptors for progesterone
90
hormones in ovulation
spike n LH causes follicles to burst and release oocyte into the uterine tube
91
how long does ovulation take
3 minutes
92
hormones in day 15-26 of the luteal phase
LH causes the burst follicle to become corpus luteum
93
corpus luteum
produces lots of estradiol and progesterone to inhibit LH and FSH secretion
94
how does low LH levels effect the corpus luteum
involution of the corpus luteum: shrinkage into scar tissue
95
corpus albicans
shrinkage of corpus luteum into scar tissue
96
hormones in the secretory phase
high levels of progesterone causes endometrium glands to develop and secrete fluid and glycogen to prep for a potential embryo
97
hormones in days 27-28 of the luteal phase
blood flow of the corpus albicans drops without estradiol or progesterone production
98
lack of hormone feedback during days 27-28 of the luteal phase allows
the pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH to start stimulate the follicles
99
hormones in the premenstrual phase
lack of progesterone causes endometrium to degenerate
100
ischemic phase
lack of blood flow to the endometrium begins its degeneration
101
length of pregnancy
three trimesters, 266 days from conception to childbirth, 40 weeks from last menstrual period
102
zygote
fertilized egg that forms from the fusion of gametes
103
where does fertilization occur
in the ampulla of uterine tube
104
the zygote divides to form an
embryo
105
how long does an embryo develop before becoming a fetus
8 weeks
106
placenta
organ that develops within the wall of the uterus to provide nutrition, gas, and waste exchange for the fetus
107
function of the placentas
secretes hormones, connects to the fetal circulatory system through the umbilical cord
108
human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by
secreted by embryo and placenta
109
what hormone is detected in a pregnancy test
HCG
110
HCG function
to grow the corpus luteum and prevents its disintegration
111
estradiol is secreted by
the corpus luteum and placenta
112
estradiol functions
grows fetus, increases uterus, mammary ducts of the breast get bigger, pelvis widdens
113
progesterone is secreted by
corpus luteum and placenta
114
progesterone functions
prevents FSH and LH secretion, development of more ovarian follicles, promotes mammary gland secretion
115
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
most secreted hormone in pregnancy, not understood, though to be a weak growth hormone
