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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 25 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

the reproductive system is responsible for

A

passing genes to the next generation
developing secondary sex characteristics

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2
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

features that appear during puberty that distinguish sexes, influence attraction, and signal sexual maturity

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3
Q

secondary sex characteristics develop due to

A

hormone influences

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4
Q

female secondary sex characteristics

A

breasts and wider pelvis

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5
Q

male secondary sex characteristics

A

body and facial hair

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6
Q

sex organs are also called

A

genitals/genitalia

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7
Q

primary sex organs

A

produce gametes

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8
Q

primary sex organs are also called

A

gonads

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9
Q

gametes

A

haploid sex cells

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10
Q

types of gametes

A

ovum and sperm

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11
Q

fusion of ovum and sperm cause

A

formation of diploid zygote -> embryo -> fetus -> baby

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12
Q

male gonads

A

testes

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13
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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14
Q

secondary sex organs

A

don’t produce gametes but are necessary for reproduction

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15
Q

male secondary sex organs

A

ducts delivering sperm, glands delivering semen

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16
Q

female secondary sex organs

A

uterus, uterine tubes, vagina

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17
Q

the parent producing sperm is considered

A

male

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18
Q

the parent producing ovum is considered

A

female

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19
Q

sperm

A

gamete with motility

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20
Q

males require

A

Y chromosome

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21
Q

ovum

A

immobile, large, contains nutrients for future embryo

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22
Q

females require

A

absence of Y chromosome

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23
Q

gonadotropin hormones are secreted by

A

the anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

gonadotropin hormones

A

FSH and LH

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25
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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26
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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27
Q

gonadotropin hormones target

A

the gonads

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28
Q

gonadotropin hormones are named for the effects on

A

the female gonads

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29
Q

FSH effect on females

A

stimulates development of ovarian follicles

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30
Q

FSH effect on males

A

stimulates sperm production

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31
Q

LH effect on females

A

stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

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32
Q

LH effect on males

A

stimulates testosterone secretion from testes

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33
Q

male puberty

A

period of time from on set of gonadotropin secretion until first ejaculation of viable sperm

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34
Q

male puberty timeline

A

starts around 10-12, end around 14

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35
Q

female puberty

A

period of time from onset of gonadotropin secretion until menarche

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36
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

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37
Q

female puberty timeline

A

starts around age 8-10, ends around 12

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38
Q

female puberty timeline varies due to

A

body fat and GnRH production

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39
Q

adolescence

A

period of time from on set of puberty until attainment of full adult height

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40
Q

is adolescence longer, shorter, or the same time as puberty?

A

longer

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41
Q

general cause of puberty

A

secretion of gonadotropins

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42
Q

cause of male puberty

A

rising levels of androgens

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43
Q

androgens

A

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

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44
Q

effects of testosterone on male puberty

A

sperm production, body growth, increased libido

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45
Q

effects of DHT on male puberty

A

body and facial hair, oily skin, acne

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46
Q

cause of female puberty

A

ovarian follicles produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgen

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47
Q

effect of estrogen on female puberty

A

body fat deposition, pelvic widening, body growth

48
Q

effect of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin on female puberty

A

thelarche

49
Q

thelarche

A

breast development

50
Q

effect of androgens on female puberty

A

pubarche

51
Q

pubarche

A

pubic and axillary hair

52
Q

female gonad

A

ovary

53
Q

oocytes

A

immature female gametes

54
Q

ovarian follicle

A

collection of cells that surround, support, and protect an oocyte

55
Q

uterine tubes

A

muscular tube that receives ovum from ovary

56
Q

the uterine tubes are also called

A

oviducts or fallopian tubes

57
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

58
Q

the uterine tube connects the ____ to ____

A

ovary to the uterus

59
Q

uterus

A

muscular chamber opening into the roof of the vagina

60
Q

where in the uterus does the embryo implant

A

endometrium

61
Q

endometrium

A

layer of the uterus facing the lumen

62
Q

female sexual cycle

A

events that occur every 21 days when pregnancy does not occur

63
Q

cycles of the sexual cycle

A

ovarian and menstrual cycles

64
Q

ovarian cycle

A

monthly events of the ovaries

65
Q

phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular and luteal phases

66
Q

days of the follicular phase

A

days 1-14

67
Q

days of the luteal phase

A

days 15-28

68
Q

menstrual cycle

A

monthly changes to the uterus

69
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle

A

menstrual, proliferation, secretory, prementsrual

70
Q

days of the menstrual phase

A

days 1-5

71
Q

days of the proliferative phase

A

days 6-14

72
Q

days of the secretory phase

A

days 15-26

73
Q

days of the premenstrual phase

A

`days 26-28

74
Q

what occurs in the follicular phase

A

ovarian follicle develops

75
Q

what menstrual phases occur during the follicular phase

A

menstrual and proliferative phases

76
Q

what occurs in the menstrual phase

A

previously built up menstrual wall sloughs away

77
Q

what occurs in the proliferative phase

A

endometrium goes through mitosis

78
Q

ovulation

A

ovum is released from the follicle

79
Q

on what day of the sexual cycle does ovulation occur

A

day 15

80
Q

luteal phase

A

ovulated follicle becomes corpus luteum, eventually degenerating into the corpus albicans

81
Q

uterine phases during the luteal phase

A

secretory and premenstrual phases

82
Q

secretory phase

A

endometrium of the uterine wall continues to thicken

83
Q

premenstrual phase

A

endometrium of the uterine wall begins to breakdown

84
Q

hormones of day 1-5 of the follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates growth of follicles, causing granulosa cells to secrete estradiol

85
Q

function of estradiol in the follicular phase

A

inhibits GnRH and FSH, stimulates LH

86
Q

hormones in the menstrual phase

A

built up endometrium sloughs off

87
Q

menses

A

endometrium sloughing off

88
Q

hormones in day 6-14 of the follicular phase

A

developed follicle produces estradiol, causing an increase in GnRH, FSH, and LH

89
Q

hormones in the proliferative phase

A

high estradiol levels cause mitosis in the endometrium, estradiol stimulates the endometrium to produce receptors for progesterone

90
Q

hormones in ovulation

A

spike n LH causes follicles to burst and release oocyte into the uterine tube

91
Q

how long does ovulation take

A

3 minutes

92
Q

hormones in day 15-26 of the luteal phase

A

LH causes the burst follicle to become corpus luteum

93
Q

corpus luteum

A

produces lots of estradiol and progesterone to inhibit LH and FSH secretion

94
Q

how does low LH levels effect the corpus luteum

A

involution of the corpus luteum: shrinkage into scar tissue

95
Q

corpus albicans

A

shrinkage of corpus luteum into scar tissue

96
Q

hormones in the secretory phase

A

high levels of progesterone causes endometrium glands to develop and secrete fluid and glycogen to prep for a potential embryo

97
Q

hormones in days 27-28 of the luteal phase

A

blood flow of the corpus albicans drops without estradiol or progesterone production

98
Q

lack of hormone feedback during days 27-28 of the luteal phase allows

A

the pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH to start stimulate the follicles

99
Q

hormones in the premenstrual phase

A

lack of progesterone causes endometrium to degenerate

100
Q

ischemic phase

A

lack of blood flow to the endometrium begins its degeneration

101
Q

length of pregnancy

A

three trimesters, 266 days from conception to childbirth, 40 weeks from last menstrual period

102
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg that forms from the fusion of gametes

103
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the ampulla of uterine tube

104
Q

the zygote divides to form an

A

embryo

105
Q

how long does an embryo develop before becoming a fetus

A

8 weeks

106
Q

placenta

A

organ that develops within the wall of the uterus to provide nutrition, gas, and waste exchange for the fetus

107
Q

function of the placentas

A

secretes hormones, connects to the fetal circulatory system through the umbilical cord

108
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by

A

secreted by embryo and placenta

109
Q

what hormone is detected in a pregnancy test

A

HCG

110
Q

HCG function

A

to grow the corpus luteum and prevents its disintegration

111
Q

estradiol is secreted by

A

the corpus luteum and placenta

112
Q

estradiol functions

A

grows fetus, increases uterus, mammary ducts of the breast get bigger, pelvis widdens

113
Q

progesterone is secreted by

A

corpus luteum and placenta

114
Q

progesterone functions

A

prevents FSH and LH secretion, development of more ovarian follicles, promotes mammary gland secretion

115
Q

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

A

most secreted hormone in pregnancy, not understood, though to be a weak growth hormone

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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