Chapter 25 - Reproductive System Flashcards
the reproductive system is responsible for
passing genes to the next generation
developing secondary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics
features that appear during puberty that distinguish sexes, influence attraction, and signal sexual maturity
secondary sex characteristics develop due to
hormone influences
female secondary sex characteristics
breasts and wider pelvis
male secondary sex characteristics
body and facial hair
sex organs are also called
genitals/genitalia
primary sex organs
produce gametes
primary sex organs are also called
gonads
gametes
haploid sex cells
types of gametes
ovum and sperm
fusion of ovum and sperm cause
formation of diploid zygote -> embryo -> fetus -> baby
male gonads
testes
female gonads
ovaries
secondary sex organs
don’t produce gametes but are necessary for reproduction
male secondary sex organs
ducts delivering sperm, glands delivering semen
female secondary sex organs
uterus, uterine tubes, vagina
the parent producing sperm is considered
male
the parent producing ovum is considered
female
sperm
gamete with motility
males require
Y chromosome
ovum
immobile, large, contains nutrients for future embryo
females require
absence of Y chromosome
gonadotropin hormones are secreted by
the anterior pituitary gland
gonadotropin hormones
FSH and LH
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
LH
luteinizing hormone
gonadotropin hormones target
the gonads
gonadotropin hormones are named for the effects on
the female gonads
FSH effect on females
stimulates development of ovarian follicles
FSH effect on males
stimulates sperm production
LH effect on females
stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
LH effect on males
stimulates testosterone secretion from testes
male puberty
period of time from on set of gonadotropin secretion until first ejaculation of viable sperm
male puberty timeline
starts around 10-12, end around 14
female puberty
period of time from onset of gonadotropin secretion until menarche
menarche
first menstrual period
female puberty timeline
starts around age 8-10, ends around 12
female puberty timeline varies due to
body fat and GnRH production
adolescence
period of time from on set of puberty until attainment of full adult height
is adolescence longer, shorter, or the same time as puberty?
longer
general cause of puberty
secretion of gonadotropins
cause of male puberty
rising levels of androgens
androgens
testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
effects of testosterone on male puberty
sperm production, body growth, increased libido
effects of DHT on male puberty
body and facial hair, oily skin, acne
cause of female puberty
ovarian follicles produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgen
effect of estrogen on female puberty
body fat deposition, pelvic widening, body growth
effect of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin on female puberty
thelarche
thelarche
breast development
effect of androgens on female puberty
pubarche
pubarche
pubic and axillary hair
female gonad
ovary
oocytes
immature female gametes
ovarian follicle
collection of cells that surround, support, and protect an oocyte
uterine tubes
muscular tube that receives ovum from ovary
the uterine tubes are also called
oviducts or fallopian tubes
zygote
fertilized egg
the uterine tube connects the ____ to ____
ovary to the uterus
uterus
muscular chamber opening into the roof of the vagina
where in the uterus does the embryo implant
endometrium
endometrium
layer of the uterus facing the lumen
female sexual cycle
events that occur every 21 days when pregnancy does not occur
cycles of the sexual cycle
ovarian and menstrual cycles
ovarian cycle
monthly events of the ovaries
phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal phases
days of the follicular phase
days 1-14
days of the luteal phase
days 15-28
menstrual cycle
monthly changes to the uterus
phases of the menstrual cycle
menstrual, proliferation, secretory, prementsrual
days of the menstrual phase
days 1-5
days of the proliferative phase
days 6-14
days of the secretory phase
days 15-26
days of the premenstrual phase
`days 26-28
what occurs in the follicular phase
ovarian follicle develops
what menstrual phases occur during the follicular phase
menstrual and proliferative phases
what occurs in the menstrual phase
previously built up menstrual wall sloughs away
what occurs in the proliferative phase
endometrium goes through mitosis
ovulation
ovum is released from the follicle
on what day of the sexual cycle does ovulation occur
day 15
luteal phase
ovulated follicle becomes corpus luteum, eventually degenerating into the corpus albicans
uterine phases during the luteal phase
secretory and premenstrual phases
secretory phase
endometrium of the uterine wall continues to thicken
premenstrual phase
endometrium of the uterine wall begins to breakdown
hormones of day 1-5 of the follicular phase
FSH stimulates growth of follicles, causing granulosa cells to secrete estradiol
function of estradiol in the follicular phase
inhibits GnRH and FSH, stimulates LH
hormones in the menstrual phase
built up endometrium sloughs off
menses
endometrium sloughing off
hormones in day 6-14 of the follicular phase
developed follicle produces estradiol, causing an increase in GnRH, FSH, and LH
hormones in the proliferative phase
high estradiol levels cause mitosis in the endometrium, estradiol stimulates the endometrium to produce receptors for progesterone
hormones in ovulation
spike n LH causes follicles to burst and release oocyte into the uterine tube
how long does ovulation take
3 minutes
hormones in day 15-26 of the luteal phase
LH causes the burst follicle to become corpus luteum
corpus luteum
produces lots of estradiol and progesterone to inhibit LH and FSH secretion
how does low LH levels effect the corpus luteum
involution of the corpus luteum: shrinkage into scar tissue
corpus albicans
shrinkage of corpus luteum into scar tissue
hormones in the secretory phase
high levels of progesterone causes endometrium glands to develop and secrete fluid and glycogen to prep for a potential embryo
hormones in days 27-28 of the luteal phase
blood flow of the corpus albicans drops without estradiol or progesterone production
lack of hormone feedback during days 27-28 of the luteal phase allows
the pituitary gland to produce LH and FSH to start stimulate the follicles
hormones in the premenstrual phase
lack of progesterone causes endometrium to degenerate
ischemic phase
lack of blood flow to the endometrium begins its degeneration
length of pregnancy
three trimesters, 266 days from conception to childbirth, 40 weeks from last menstrual period
zygote
fertilized egg that forms from the fusion of gametes
where does fertilization occur
in the ampulla of uterine tube
the zygote divides to form an
embryo
how long does an embryo develop before becoming a fetus
8 weeks
placenta
organ that develops within the wall of the uterus to provide nutrition, gas, and waste exchange for the fetus
function of the placentas
secretes hormones, connects to the fetal circulatory system through the umbilical cord
human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by
secreted by embryo and placenta
what hormone is detected in a pregnancy test
HCG
HCG function
to grow the corpus luteum and prevents its disintegration
estradiol is secreted by
the corpus luteum and placenta
estradiol functions
grows fetus, increases uterus, mammary ducts of the breast get bigger, pelvis widdens
progesterone is secreted by
corpus luteum and placenta
progesterone functions
prevents FSH and LH secretion, development of more ovarian follicles, promotes mammary gland secretion
Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
most secreted hormone in pregnancy, not understood, though to be a weak growth hormone
