Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System Flashcards by Laura Walker

hormones

signaling molecules secreted into the bloodstream

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paracrine factors and neurotransmitters travel to , hormones travel to

near cells only, near and far cells

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the endocrine system is made of

glands, tissues, hormone-secreting cells

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endocrine glands

organs that secrete hormones

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speed of the endocrine system

slow response and a long, persistent effect

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adaption of endocrine system to stimulus

very slow

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area of effect of the endocrine system

variable, generous or specific

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exocrine glands function

secrete substances through ducts

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duct

tube that delivers secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract

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does the exocrine gland do intracellular or extracellular communication

extracellular

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products of the exocrine gland

sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes, mucus

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endocrine glands produce

hormones that cause intracellular changes in target cells

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endocrine glands are for intracellular or extracellular communication

intracellular

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endocrine glands are penetrated by

capillaries into which hormones are secreted

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hormones are/are not secreted at a continuous rate

are not

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types of rhythmic secretions

circadian rhythm, monthly cycle

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example of a circadian rhythm

melatonin

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types of stimuli secretions

neural, hormonal, humoral

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neural stimuli secretion process

nerve signals endocrine system to secrete hormones

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example of a neural stimulated secretion

sympathetic stimulus of adrenal medulla

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hormonal stimulating secretion process

hormones stimulate another source’s secretion

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example of hormonal stimulated secretion

hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland

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humoral stimulating secretion process

blood levels of some substance stimulates hormone secretion

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example of humoral secretion stimulation

blood glucose

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hormone classes

steroid, monoamine, peptides

steroids are derived from

cholesterol

monoamines are derived from

an amino acid

peptides are derived from

multiple amino acids

monoamines and peptides travel through

blood plasma

monoamines and peptides are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

hydrophilic

steroids travel by

binding to transport proteins that travel through the blood streams

steroids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

hydrophobic

example of a transport protein to which steroid

albumin

hormone receptors are specific/general

specific, only stimulate the cells with the specific receptors for that hormone

how are hormone receptors sensitive

more receptors on the cell make a cell more sensitive to the effects of the hormone

long term exposure to a hormone causes

less expression / more cell sensitivity

types of hormones receptors

membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

what type of hormone(s) bind to membrane receptors

peptides and monoamines

what type of hormone(s) bind to intracellular receptors

steroids

signal amplification

binding of a hormone to a receptor leads to activation of second messengers

what type of hormone(s) use a second messenger

monoamines and peptides

what type of hormone(s) directly affect gene transcription

steroids, go straight to the nucleus

synergist hormone interactions

hormones amplify effect of each other

example of synergist hormones

FSH and Testosterone to produce sperm

permissive hormone interactions

one hormone allows/enhances a cell's response to another

example of permissive hormones

Estrogen increases the sensitivity of the uterus to progesterone

antagonistic hormone interactions

hormones have opposite effects of each other on a cell

hormone clearance

hormone effects are eventually stopped through degradation

what organs do degradation

liver and kidney

how does the liver excrete hormones

bile

how does the kidney excrete hormones

urine

metabolic clearance rate

the rate hormones are removed from blood

endocrine glands

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

hypothalamus function

directs the pituitary gland

hypothalamus location

funnel-shaped region of the brain inferior to the thalamus

the pituitary gland is also called the

hypophysis

pituitary gland function

master gland that controls the endocrine system

pituitary gland location

attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk

anterior pituitary gland is also called

adenohypophysis

the anterior pituitary gland makes up how much of the overall gland

3/4

the anterior pituitary gland is made up of what kind of tissue

glandular tissue

how does the anterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus?

through the hypophyseal portal system

the posterior pituitary gland is also called

neurohypophysis

the posterior pituitary gland makes up how much of the overall gland

1/4

what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary gland made out of?

nervous tissue

how does the posterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus

axon tracts

what type of hormones are reproductive

gonadotropin

types of gonadotropins

FSH and LH

FSH stands for

follicle-stimulating hormone

LH stands for

luteinizing hormone

Effects of FSH on a female

stimulates ovarian follicle development

effects of FSH on a male

stimulate sperm function

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

stimulates adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids

what are glucocorticoids

anti stress hormoness

example of a glucocorticoids

cortisol

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates memory gland to make milk

Growth Hormone (GH)

cause growth in tissues and organs by stimulating mitosis and cellular differentiation

Anterior Pituitary Regulating Hormones

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Prolactin Inhibiting hormone, Somatostatin

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone releases

TSH and PRL

Corticotrophin Releasing hormone releases

ACTH

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone releases

FSH and LH

Somatostatin function

inhibits the release of growth hormone

nickname for oxytocin

the love/attachment hormone

posterior pituitary hormone

oxytocin, antidiuretic

when is oxytocin released

sexual arousal, childbirth, when with partner/children/pet

antidiuretic function

increases water retention and decreases urine volume

other name for antidiuretic and why

vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels

negative feedback loops in hormones

hormone secretion decreases as effect increases

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland feedback loops

hormone levels are reduced when target organ hormone levels rise

How does ADH function in a negative feedback loop?

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause ADH release if blood osmolarity is high

what hormone functions in a positive feedback loop

oxytocin release in childbirth

what triggers the release of oxytocin

specific neural signals