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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

signaling molecules secreted into the bloodstream

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2
Q

paracrine factors and neurotransmitters travel to , hormones travel to

A

near cells only, near and far cells

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3
Q

the endocrine system is made of

A

glands, tissues, hormone-secreting cells

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4
Q

endocrine glands

A

organs that secrete hormones

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5
Q

speed of the endocrine system

A

slow response and a long, persistent effect

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6
Q

adaption of endocrine system to stimulus

A

very slow

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7
Q

area of effect of the endocrine system

A

variable, generous or specific

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8
Q

exocrine glands function

A

secrete substances through ducts

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9
Q

duct

A

tube that delivers secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of the digestive tract

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10
Q

does the exocrine gland do intracellular or extracellular communication

A

extracellular

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11
Q

products of the exocrine gland

A

sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes, mucus

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12
Q

endocrine glands produce

A

hormones that cause intracellular changes in target cells

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13
Q

endocrine glands are for intracellular or extracellular communication

A

intracellular

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14
Q

endocrine glands are penetrated by

A

capillaries into which hormones are secreted

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15
Q

hormones are/are not secreted at a continuous rate

A

are not

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16
Q

types of rhythmic secretions

A

circadian rhythm, monthly cycle

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17
Q

example of a circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

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18
Q

types of stimuli secretions

A

neural, hormonal, humoral

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19
Q

neural stimuli secretion process

A

nerve signals endocrine system to secrete hormones

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20
Q

example of a neural stimulated secretion

A

sympathetic stimulus of adrenal medulla

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21
Q

hormonal stimulating secretion process

A

hormones stimulate another source’s secretion

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22
Q

example of hormonal stimulated secretion

A

hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

humoral stimulating secretion process

A

blood levels of some substance stimulates hormone secretion

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24
Q

example of humoral secretion stimulation

A

blood glucose

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25
Q

hormone classes

A

steroid, monoamine, peptides

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26
Q

steroids are derived from

A

cholesterol

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27
Q

monoamines are derived from

A

an amino acid

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28
Q

peptides are derived from

A

multiple amino acids

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29
Q

monoamines and peptides travel through

A

blood plasma

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30
Q

monoamines and peptides are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

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31
Q

steroids travel by

A

binding to transport proteins that travel through the blood streams

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32
Q

steroids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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33
Q

example of a transport protein to which steroid

A

albumin

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34
Q

hormone receptors are specific/general

A

specific, only stimulate the cells with the specific receptors for that hormone

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35
Q

how are hormone receptors sensitive

A

more receptors on the cell make a cell more sensitive to the effects of the hormone

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36
Q

long term exposure to a hormone causes

A

less expression / more cell sensitivity

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37
Q

types of hormones receptors

A

membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

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38
Q

what type of hormone(s) bind to membrane receptors

A

peptides and monoamines

39
Q

what type of hormone(s) bind to intracellular receptors

40
Q

signal amplification

A

binding of a hormone to a receptor leads to activation of second messengers

41
Q

what type of hormone(s) use a second messenger

A

monoamines and peptides

42
Q

what type of hormone(s) directly affect gene transcription

A

steroids, go straight to the nucleus

43
Q

synergist hormone interactions

A

hormones amplify effect of each other

44
Q

example of synergist hormones

A

FSH and Testosterone to produce sperm

45
Q

permissive hormone interactions

A

one hormone allows/enhances a cell’s response to another

46
Q

example of permissive hormones

A

Estrogen increases the sensitivity of the uterus to progesterone

47
Q

antagonistic hormone interactions

A

hormones have opposite effects of each other on a cell

48
Q

hormone clearance

A

hormone effects are eventually stopped through degradation

49
Q

what organs do degradation

A

liver and kidney

50
Q

how does the liver excrete hormones

51
Q

how does the kidney excrete hormones

52
Q

metabolic clearance rate

A

the rate hormones are removed from blood

53
Q

endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

54
Q

hypothalamus function

A

directs the pituitary gland

55
Q

hypothalamus location

A

funnel-shaped region of the brain inferior to the thalamus

56
Q

the pituitary gland is also called the

A

hypophysis

57
Q

pituitary gland function

A

master gland that controls the endocrine system

58
Q

pituitary gland location

A

attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk

59
Q

anterior pituitary gland is also called

A

adenohypophysis

60
Q

the anterior pituitary gland makes up how much of the overall gland

61
Q

the anterior pituitary gland is made up of what kind of tissue

A

glandular tissue

62
Q

how does the anterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

through the hypophyseal portal system

63
Q

the posterior pituitary gland is also called

A

neurohypophysis

64
Q

the posterior pituitary gland makes up how much of the overall gland

65
Q

what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary gland made out of?

A

nervous tissue

66
Q

how does the posterior pituitary gland communicate with the hypothalamus

A

axon tracts

67
Q

what type of hormones are reproductive

A

gonadotropin

68
Q

types of gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

FSH stands for

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

70
Q

LH stands for

A

luteinizing hormone

71
Q

Effects of FSH on a female

A

stimulates ovarian follicle development

72
Q

effects of FSH on a male

A

stimulate sperm function

73
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

74
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids

75
Q

what are glucocorticoids

A

anti stress hormoness

76
Q

example of a glucocorticoids

77
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates memory gland to make milk

78
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

cause growth in tissues and organs by stimulating mitosis and cellular differentiation

79
Q

Anterior Pituitary Regulating Hormones

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone, Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Prolactin Inhibiting hormone, Somatostatin

80
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone releases

A

TSH and PRL

81
Q

Corticotrophin Releasing hormone releases

82
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone releases

A

FSH and LH

83
Q

Somatostatin function

A

inhibits the release of growth hormone

84
Q

nickname for oxytocin

A

the love/attachment hormone

85
Q

posterior pituitary hormone

A

oxytocin, antidiuretic

86
Q

when is oxytocin released

A

sexual arousal, childbirth, when with partner/children/pet

87
Q

antidiuretic function

A

increases water retention and decreases urine volume

88
Q

other name for antidiuretic and why

A

vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels

89
Q

negative feedback loops in hormones

A

hormone secretion decreases as effect increases

90
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland feedback loops

A

hormone levels are reduced when target organ hormone levels rise

91
Q

How does ADH function in a negative feedback loop?

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause ADH release if blood osmolarity is high

92
Q

what hormone functions in a positive feedback loop

A

oxytocin release in childbirth

93
Q

what triggers the release of oxytocin

A

specific neural signals

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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