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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 20 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

xrespiratory system

A

system of tubes that delivers air to and from the lungs

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2
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, pH balance, olfaction, communication

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3
Q

effectors of pH balance

A

urinary system, CO2 in blood

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4
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

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5
Q

how does the respiratory system contribute to communication

A

speech, vocalization, and the larynx

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6
Q

passage of air through the RS

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

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7
Q

pharynx is also called the

A

throat

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8
Q

the larynx is also called the

A

voicebox

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9
Q

trachea is also called

A

windpipe

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10
Q

functions of the nose

A

warms, cleanses, humidifies air, olfaction, voice resonation

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11
Q

nasal mucosa

A

mucosa lining the nasal cavity

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12
Q

types of epithelium in the nose

A

respiratory and olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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14
Q

purpose of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium

A

to produce mucus

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15
Q

purpose of cilia in respiratory epithelium

A

move mucus toward pharynx for swallowing

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16
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

sensory cells that lines part of the roof of the nasal cavity and septum

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17
Q

purpose of cilia in olfactory epithelium

A

immobile to bind to odorants

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18
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel extending from the nasal cavity to larynx

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19
Q

the pharynx is a passage way for

A

food and air

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20
Q

the larynx is made of

A

cartilage

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21
Q

larynx location

A

anterior to esophagus
superior to trachea

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22
Q

larynx function

A

keeps food and water out of airway
phonation

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23
Q

phonation

A

sound production

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24
Q

superior vestibular fold

A

closes the larynx is swallowing

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25
Q

inferior vocal fold is also called

A

vocal cords

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26
Q

the inferior vocal folds

A

opening between vocal cords

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27
Q

glottis

A

vocal cords that produce sound

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28
Q

the inferior vocal folds are part of the

A

glottis

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29
Q

trachea

A

a ridged tube anterior to the esophagus

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30
Q

tracheal cartilage

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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31
Q

important tracheal cartilage feature

A

open side of rings face the esophagus to allow the esophagus to expand

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32
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

cleans the air using goblet cells and mucus

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33
Q

the trachea is lined with which type of tissue

A

respiratory epithelium

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34
Q

bronchi

A

small airways leading to the alveolar duct and alveoli

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35
Q

lung parenchyma

A

lung functional tissue composed of alveoli and brochioles

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36
Q

bronchi composition

A

crescent-shaped hyaline cartilage

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37
Q

the bronchi lumen is lined with

A

respiratory epithelium

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38
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

smooth muscle that contracts/relaxes to regulate air flow

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39
Q

bronchioles

A

branches of bronchi

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40
Q

bronchiole lumen is lined by

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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41
Q

bronchioles branch into

A

alveolar ducts and alveoli

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42
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange with capillaries in the lungs

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43
Q

alveoli size and number

A

70 m2 of surface area, 150 million in a lung

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44
Q

types of alveolar cells

A

Type I, Type II, dust cells

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45
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

squamous cells that make up most of the alveoli lining

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46
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

round cuboidal cells that repair the alveolar epithelium and secrete pulmonary surfacant

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47
Q

alveolar dust cells

A

alveolar macrophages that phagocytize dust particles

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48
Q

most numerous type of cell in the lung

A

dust cell

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49
Q

respiratory membrane

A

barrier between the alveoli and blood in lungs

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50
Q

why is the respiratory membrane thin

A

to allow fast gas exchange

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51
Q

layers of the respiratory membrane

A

Type I Alveolar cells, endothelial capillary cells, a shared basement membrane

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52
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

swapping of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

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53
Q

alveolar gas exchange is driven by

A

diffusion of partial pressure gradients

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54
Q

alveolar gas exchange brings what gas in and what out of blood

A

O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood

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55
Q

loading

A

moving of gas into blood

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56
Q

unloading

A

moving of gas out of blood

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57
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

58
Q

pulmonary ventilation is also known as

A

breathing

59
Q

respiratory cycle

A

one complete inhalation and expiration

60
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased breathing rate in excess of metabolic demand

61
Q

hyperventilation causes

A

excess CO2 expulsion creating arterial constriction and fainting

62
Q

quiet respiration

A

effortless, automatic beathing while at rest

63
Q

quiet respiration is also called

A

eupnea

64
Q

forced respiration

A

deep, potentially rapid breathing under voluntary control

65
Q

what drives air movement between lungs and outdoors

A

pressure gradient

66
Q

inspiration pressure

A

lung pressure < atmospheric pressure

67
Q

expiration pressure

A

lung pressure > atmospheric pressure

68
Q

boyles law

A

gas volume is inversely proportional to its volume

69
Q

increase in lung volume means what about pressure

A

decrease in lung pressure

70
Q

respiration muscles

A

help lungs expand and contract to change volume

71
Q

main muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

72
Q

diaphragm contraction does what

A

enlarges thoracic cavity

73
Q

diaphragm relaxation

A

compresses lungs

74
Q

what muscle helps with eupnea

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

75
Q

accessory muscles function

A

act in forced respiration to contract harder

76
Q

accessory muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis, serratus anterior, erector spinae, abdominal muscles

77
Q

pleurae

A

serous membranes lining lungs and thoracic cavity

78
Q

parietal pleura attach to

A

ribs and thoracic wall

79
Q

visceral pleura attach to

A

lungs

80
Q

intrapleural space

A

thin space filled with serous fluid

81
Q

steps of inspiration

A

1) diaphragm contracts and flattens
2) intercostal muscles elevate ribs and pull pleurae upward
3) alveoli stretch outward and lungs expand
4) air enters

82
Q

how many mL of air enters/exits the lungs

A

500 mL

83
Q

is expiration passive/inpassive

A

entirely passive

84
Q

steps of expiration

A

1) respiratory muscles relax
2) thoracic cage goes through elastic recoil
3) recoil compresses lungs
4) air flows out

85
Q

tidal volume

A

normal amount of air flowing in/out of lungs

86
Q

forced breathing is controlled by

A

the cerebrum

87
Q

automatic breathing is controlled by

A

the brainstem

88
Q

voluntary breath control steps

A

1) motor cortex of cerebrum sends efferent signals
2) corticospinal tract bypasses brainstem to neurons in spinal cord
and stimulate accessory muscles

89
Q

when are voluntary breathing controls overriden

A

when CO2 levels are too high

90
Q

brainstem respiratory centers in the medulla

A

ventral and dorsal respiratory groups

91
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

primary generator of respiratory rhythm

92
Q

the VRG generates how many breaths per minute

A

12

93
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

modifies rate and depth of breathing based on external input

94
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

sends efferent signals to VRG and DRG to modify breathing rate to sleep, exercise, etc

95
Q

blood chemials

A

O2, CO2, and pH

96
Q

which blood chemical has the largest effect of breathing rate

A

pH

97
Q

acidosis

A

blood pH less than 7.35

98
Q

acidosis is caused by

A

hypercapnia (high co2)

99
Q

acidosis is corrected by

A

hyperventilation

100
Q

alkalosis

A

blood pH above 7.45

101
Q

alkalosis is caused by

A

hypocapnia (low co2)

102
Q

alkalosis is corrected by

A

hypoventilation

103
Q

gas transport in lungs

A

process of carrying gasses in the blood from alveoli to systemic tissues and vice versa

104
Q

oxygen transport is mostly in ____, but also _____

A

hemoglobin (98.5%), plasma (1.5%)

105
Q

hemoglobin saturation
100%:
50%:

A

100%: 4 O2 bound
50%: 2 O2

106
Q

CO2 is transported as

A

carbonic acid or bicarbonate (90%), bound to proteins (5%), in plasma (5%)

107
Q

H2CO3

A

carbonic acid

108
Q

HCO3

A

bicarbonate

109
Q

CO2 binds to an amino group to form

A

carbaminohemoglobin

110
Q

Co2 reacts with and combines with what molecules and also converts back constantly

A

carbon dioxide + water -> carbonic acid -> bicarbonate + helium ion

111
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

112
Q

atmospheric air composition

A

78% N, 20.9% O2, 0.04% Co2, 0-4% water vapor

113
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of individual gases

114
Q

partial pressure

A

contribution to total air pressure due to a single gas

115
Q

atmospheric air is also called

A

inhaled air

116
Q

partial pressure calculation

A

percentage x total pressure

117
Q

water vapor partial pressure difference in alveolar air

A

10x higher than atmospheric air because of humidification of mucous membrane

118
Q

residual air

A

air that remains in lungs after expiration

119
Q

alveolar air mixing with residual does what to O2 and Co2

A

O2 is diluted to 65% and CO2 is enriched by 130x

120
Q

systemic gas exchange function

A

blood unloads O2 and loads CO2 at systemic capillaries

121
Q

what happens to loaded Co2 is systemic gas exchange

A

diffuses into blood and RBCs from the tissue

122
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that generates bicarbonate through catalyzation to produce movement of Co2 in systemic gas exchange

123
Q

chloride shift

A

enters the RBC to ensure the conversion of Co2 to bicarbonate by forcing bicarbonate to leave the cell

124
Q

what happens to the hydrogen ion as a result of the chloride shift

A

binds to hemoglobin

125
Q

how is O2 loaded into tissues in systemic gas exchange

A

hydrogen ion binds to oxyhemoglobin to reduce its affinity for O2, allowing 22% of O2 to be released

126
Q

utilization coefficent

A

percentage of O2 delivered to tissue by hemoglobin

127
Q

venous reserve

A

amount of O2 remaining in the blood after systemic capillary exchange

128
Q

alveolar gas exchange function

A

blood unloads CO2 and loads O2 at the pulmonary capillaries

129
Q

process of O2 loading in alveolar gas exchange

A

O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 binds to hemoglobin

130
Q

where specifically is PO2 high

A

the pulmonary capillaries`

131
Q

how is Co2 unloaded in RBCs during alveolar gas exchange

A

helium ion dissociates from hemoglobin and attaches to bicarbonate

132
Q

reverse chloride shift

A

bicarbonate diffuses back into RBCs to exchange with Chloride

133
Q

chloride shift occurs in _____ gas exchange, reverse chloride shift occurs in ___ gas exchange

A

systemic, alveolar

134
Q

how is CO2 unloaded from plasma in alveolar gas exchange

A

using a reverse chloride shift reaction to allow Co2 and carbamino to diffuse out of the plasma

135
Q

what does hemoglobin adjust O2 unloading to

A

metabolic tissue needs

136
Q

what does a decrease in ambient PO2 do to gas exchange

A

active tissue has a lower PO2, causing more O2 to be released from hemoglobin

137
Q

what does a decrease in ambient pH do to gas exchange

A

active tissue has a higher Co2, which lowers blood pH, which favors O2 release from hemoglobin

138
Q

Bohr Effect

A

lower blood pH causes more O2 to be released

139
Q

what does an increase in body temperature do to gas exchange

A

active tissue increases body temperature, which favors O2 release from hemoglobin

140
Q

what does BPG bind to and why

A

To hemoglobin to promote O2 release

141
Q

what produces BPG and why

A

RBCs produce in response to stimuli

142
Q

Haldane Effect

A

Co2 loading is adjusted to meet needs by lowering oxyhemoglobin to allow more Co2 to be transported

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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