Chapter 1- Nervous System Flashcards by Laura Walker

the autonomic nervous system is located in the

visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system

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visceral

internal body

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somatic

external body

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sympathetic nervous system helps

prepare for action

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parasympathetic nervous system helps

with calming

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autonomic NS innervates

glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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automatic NS control is

involuntary

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the result of loss of ANS innervation

structures still function, denervation hypersensitivity

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denervation hypersensitivity

smooth and cardiac muscle becomes hyperactive

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somatic NS innervates

skeletal muscle

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somatic NS control is

voluntary

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result of loss of SNS innervation

muscle can’t function, atrophy

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sympathetic and parasympathetic visceral motor function has what affects

opposite effects on innervated structure

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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic HR function

increase, decrease

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sympathetic and parasympathetic respiratory function

bronchodilation (increase), bronchoconstriction (decrease)

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sympathetic and parasympathetic direct blood flow to

skeletal muscle, digestive and urinary system

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sympathetic and parasympathetic salivary and lacrimal gland function

decrease secretion, increase secretion

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sympathetic and parasympathetic sweat gland function

increase secretion, decrease secretion

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somatic motor fibers begin

in the spinal cord or brainstem

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somatic motor fibers are many/one throughout the body

single axon from origin to target organ

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autonomic motor pathway

nerve signal, preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron

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nerve signals in the autonomic motor pathway travel across one/two/many neurons to reach target

one

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preganglionic neuron

neuron in amp that is located in the brain/spinal cord

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postganglionic neuron

neuron in amp that is innervates the target organ

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how many ANS neurons synapse at the autonomic ganglion

two

ganglion

collection of cell bodies in the PNS

sympathetic ganglion are close/far from the target organ

far

parasympathetic ganglion are close/far from the target organ

close/on the target cell

the sympathetic division is also called the

thoracolumbar division

preganglionic cell bodies in the SNS are found in what part of the vertebrae

lateral horn

preganglionic cell bodies in the SNS are found in what sections of the spinal cord

thoracic and lumbar

sympathetic ganglia are found in the

sympathetic chains of ganglia

other names for the sympathetic chains of ganglia

sympathetic chains, sympathetic chain ganglia, sympathetic trunks

sympathetic chains of ganglia are

nervous tissue structures on either side of the spinal cord containing ganglia and preganglionic axons

sympathetic ganglia outside of the sympathetic chain are called

collateral ganglia

preganglionic axons of the SNS are long/short, postganglionic fibers are long/short

short, long

adrenal glands location

superior to the kidney

layers of the adrenal gland from outer to inner

adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

outer layer that secretes steroids

adrenal medulla

inner layer that secretes catecholamines

catecholamines

adrenaline and noradrenaline

the adrenal medulla is innervated by

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

the preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the adrenal medulla are made of

modified postganglionic neurons with no axons

the neurosomas of the adrenal glands secrete

hormones directly into the bloodstream

importance of adrenal gland hormone secretion

same effect as SNS increases the number of cells affected by SNS increases length of SNS activity

The parasympathetic division is also called the

craniosacral division

cell bodies of the Parasympathetic division are located in

the brainstem and sacral spinal cord

the PSNS travel through

Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, V sacral spinal nerves

most important cranial nerve of the PSNS

vagus (X)

preganglionic fibers of the PSNS are long/short, postganglionic fibers of the PSNS are long/short

long, short

terminal ganglia of the PSNS are found

in/near the target organ

autonomic effects of PSNS and SNS are different because

use different neurotransmitters neurotransmitter can have different effect on a different receptor some target cells are only innervated by the PSNS or SNS

neurotransmitters in preganglionic fibers

acetylcholine

neurotransmitters in postganglionic fibers

SNS: norepinephrine or ACh PSNS: ACh

cholinergic Recptors bind to

ACh

nicotinic receptors are found on all

postganglionic neurons

nicotinic receptors are found on what specific target organ

adrenal medulla

nicotinic receptors are excitatory/inhibitory

excitatory

muscarinic receptors are found on

target cells

muscarinic receptors are excitatory/inhibitory

both

adrenergic receptors bind to

norepinephrine

adrenergic receptors are found

on all target cells

alpha adrenergic receptors are excitatory/inhibitory

excitatory

beta adrenergic receptors are excitatory/inhibitory

inhibitory

dual innervation

innervated by both PSNS and SNS fibers

what target organs are not dually innervated? only the SNS

blood vessels, sweat glands, adrenal medulla

autonomic tone

baseline level of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of effectors

sympathetic stimulation of target cells is adjusted by

increasing/decreasing rate of APs fired

example of adjusting sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels

more APs = more constriction of vessels Less APs = less constriction of vessels

enteric nervous system

NS of the digestive tract

Enteric NS is independent/dependent of other NS

independent, not connected

smooth muscle and glands in the digestive tract are innervated by

the enteric NS and the autonomic NS

normal function of the digestive tract requires/does not require ENS and ANS innervations

does not require