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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system

A

organ system responsible for digestion and the processing of food, extracting nutrients, and eliminating residue

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2
Q

five stages of digestion

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation

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3
Q

ingestion

A

selective process of food intake

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4
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into a form that is useable by the body

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5
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients from food by absorption into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract, then into blood and lymph

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6
Q

compaction

A

absorbing water and consolidating indigestible residue to form feces

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6
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces

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7
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles through chewing and churning

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8
Q

chemical digestion

A

hydrolysis reactions that break down macromolecules into monomers by digestive enzymes

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9
Q

chemical digestion is required in absorption of all nutrients except for

A

vitamins, amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water`

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10
Q

alimentary canal

A

muscular tube from the mouth to anus

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11
Q

alimentary canal is also called

A

the digestive or gastrointestinal tract

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12
Q

organs in the alimentary canal

A

mouths, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

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13
Q

accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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14
Q

walls of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

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15
Q

layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propia, mucosae

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16
Q

submucosa

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue that allows passage of blood vessels

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17
Q

the submucosa contains what

A

submucosal nerve plexus

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18
Q

muscularis externa

A

two muscular layers responsible for movement of stuff through the alimentary canal

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19
Q

arrangement of the layers of the muscularis externa

A

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

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20
Q

serosa are found

A

in alimentary canal organs within the abdominal cavity

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21
Q

the serosa is composed of

A

areolar connective tissue and a simple squamous outer layer

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22
Q

the serosa attaches to

A

the mesentery of the periosteum

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23
Q

Adventa is found

A

in the alimentary canal outside of the abdominal cavity

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24
Q

the adventitia is composed of

A

fibrous connective tissue

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25
Q

peritoneum

A

lining of the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

the peritoneum is composed of

A

connective tissue lined with simple squamous epithelium

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27
Q

the peritoneum contains

A

vessels and nerves to supply the abdomen

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28
Q

layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal and visceral

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29
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer lining the abdominal wall

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30
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer lining the abdominal organs

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31
Q

mesentary

A

visceral peritoneum lining the alimentary canal that attaches to the serosa

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32
Q

enteric nervous system

A

regulates motility, secretion, and blood flow from the esophagus through the intestines

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33
Q

is the enteric nervous system dependent or independent

A

independent of the CNS but influenced by the ANS

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34
Q

submucosal plexus controls

A

secretion from mucosa glands and movement of mucularis mucosae

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35
Q

where is the submucosal plexus located

A

submucosa

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36
Q

myenteric plexus controls

A

contractions of muscularis externa and contains parasympathetic ganglia

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37
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located

A

between layers of muscularis externa

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38
Q

myenteric reflexes are known as

A

short reflexes

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39
Q

myenteric reflexes

A

stretch or chemically stimulate myenteric plexus to trigger peristalsis

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40
Q

vasovagal reflexes are known as

A

long reflexes

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41
Q

vasovagal reflexes

A

parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract to target myenteric nerve plexus and other organs

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42
Q

stomach acid secretes

A

HCl

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43
Q

stomach acid secretion process

A

histamine made by enterochromaffin cells in the stomach help stimulate HCl secretion

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44
Q

G-cells function

A

make gastrin when the stomach is distended by food to stimulate HCl production

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45
Q

oral cavity is also called

A

buccal cavity or mouth

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46
Q

functions of the oral cavity

A

ingestion, taste, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

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47
Q

mechanical digestion of the oral cavity

A

chewing

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48
Q

chemical digestion of the oral cavity

A

saliva

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49
Q

bolus

A

chewed, saliva-mixed food that is swallowed

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50
Q

epithelium of the oral cavity

A

stratified squamous

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51
Q

epithelium of the hard palate and gums

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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52
Q

functions of saliva

A

moisten mouth, prevent cavities, dissolve food molecules to stimulate taste buds, begin chemical digestion

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53
Q

cavities are caused by

A

acid made by bacteria

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54
Q

how does saliva prevent cavities

A

saliva lysosomes kill bacteria that produce acid, IgA antibodies inhibit bacterial growth, saliva buffers acid and remineralizes enamel

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55
Q

salivary gland

A

secrete saliva

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56
Q

parotid is located

A

pair of glands inferior and anterior to ears

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57
Q

what saliva gland makes the most saliva

A

parotid gland

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58
Q

submandibular gland is located

A

inferior to mandibular angular

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59
Q

location of sublingual glands

A

inferior to the tongue

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60
Q

saliva chemical digestion enzymes

A

salivary amylase, lingual lipase

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61
Q

salivary amylase digests

A

starch

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62
Q

lingual lipase digests

A

fats

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63
Q

what activates lingual lipase

A

stomach acid

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64
Q

how much saliva is produced per day

A

1-1.5 Liters

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65
Q

salivation is regulated by

A

the salivatory nuclei

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66
Q

where is the salivatory nuclei located

A

in the oblongata and pons

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67
Q

what stimulates the salivation

A

odor, sight of food, thought of food, flavor,chewing

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68
Q

the salivatory nuclei sends signals through

A

the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

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69
Q

parasympathetic signals from the salivatory nuclei stimulates

A

secretion

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70
Q

sympathetic signals from the salivatory nuclei stimulates

A

less secretion, more nucleus

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71
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel connecting the oral cavity to esophagus

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72
Q

the pharynx is part of what to body systems

A

respiratory and digestive

73
Q

esophagus anatomy

A

muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

74
Q

peristalsis

A

an involuntary wave of muscle contractions pushing food that is the final phase of swallowing

75
Q

functions of the stomach

A

food storage and gastric digestion

76
Q

how much food can the stomach store

A

1-4 liters

77
Q

gastric digestion

A

mechanical churning and chemical digestion of proteins and fats to produce chyme

78
Q

chyme

A

semi-digested food that goes to the small intestine

79
Q

most digestion and absorption occurs

A

in the small intestines

80
Q

layers of the muscularis externa

A

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

81
Q

the muscularis externa is made of

A

smooth muscle

82
Q

the stomach is made of what type of epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium covered with mucous to protect from stomach acid

83
Q

gastric pits

A

depressions in gastric mucosa

84
Q

most numerous cell type in the stomach

A

chief cells that secrete gastric enzymes

85
Q

gastric enzymes

A

gastric lipase and pepsinogen

86
Q

gastric lipase

A

breaks down fats

87
Q

pepsinogen

A

a zymogen activated by HCl that forms pepsin

88
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzyme activated by the removal of an amino acid

89
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that chemically digests protein

90
Q

gastric juice

A

mix of water, HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and intrinsic factor

91
Q

how much gastric juice is produced per day

A

2-3 Liters

92
Q

HCl is secreted by

A

parietal cells

92
Q

functions of HCl in the stomach

A

breaks up bolus, activate digestive enzyme, disease resistance

93
Q

how does HCl break up bolus

A

how is bolus broken up liquefication into chyme and protein denaturing

94
Q

what enzymes are activated by HCl

A

activation of lingual ligase and turning pepsinogen to pepsin

95
Q

how does HCl in the stomach contribute to disease resistance

A

destroys ingested pathogens

96
Q

intrinsic factor

A

glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells

97
Q

why is intrinsic factor needed

A

to absorb vitamin B12

98
Q

what is vitamin B12 needed for

A

hemoglobin synthesis in the body

99
Q

the only indispensable function of the stomach

A

using intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12

100
Q

segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

101
Q

segments of the small intestine from proximal to distal

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

102
Q

main function of small intestine

A

most chemical digestion and absorption occurs here

103
Q

duodenum receives what material

A

chyme from the stomach, bile from the liver/gallbladder, and digestive enzymes from the pancreas

104
Q

bile

A

yellow/green fluid containing bile salts, cholesterol, bile rubin

105
Q

bile salts

A

steroids that emulsify fats

106
Q

bile is synthesized from

A

cholestrol

107
Q

emulsification

A

aid in fat digestion and absorbtion

108
Q

liver

A

produces and secretes bile

109
Q

gallblader

A

stores and concentrates bile

110
Q

pancreas anatomy

A

spongey gland that is inferior and posterior to the great curvature of the stomach

111
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland

A

both, but mostly exocrine

112
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and hormone release

113
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

secrete pancreatic juice

114
Q

how much pancreatic juice is secreted per day

A

12-1500 mL per day

115
Q

pancreatic juice

A

mix of water, enzymes, bicarbonate, electrolytes, zymogens

116
Q

where is the pancreatic juices secreted to

A

into pancreatic duct

117
Q

purpose of bicarbonate

A

buffers stomach HCl

118
Q

zymogens

A

inactive enzymes

119
Q

zymogens from the pancreas

A

trypsinogen, Pro carboxypeptidase

120
Q

trypsinogen

A

converted to trypsin in order to digest proteins

121
Q

what does trypsin do after being activated

A

converts more trypsinogen to trypsin

122
Q

procarboxypepdatidase

A

digests proteins as carboxypeptidase

123
Q

procarboxypepatidase is activated by

A

trypsin

124
Q

enzymes of the pancreas

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, ribo/deoxyribonuclease

125
Q

pancreatic amylase digests

A

starches

126
Q

pancreatic lipase digests

A

fats

127
Q

ribo/deoxy ribonuclease digests

A

nucleic acids

128
Q

function of duodenum

A

receive stomach contents, pancreatic juices, bile, neutralizes stomach acids, fat emulsification, chemical digestion

129
Q

jejunum function

A

major site of chemical digestion

130
Q

most vascularized part of the small intestine

A

jejunum

131
Q

ileum

A

prominent lymphatic nodules resist pathogens

132
Q

plicae circularis

A

circular folds of mucosa and submucosa that promote the spiral flow of chyme

133
Q

villi

A

semi-microscopic projections of mucosa that causes the inner-surface of the small intestine to appear fuzzy

134
Q

what does each villi in the small intestine have?

A

capillaries and lacteal

135
Q

lacteal

A

lymphatic capillary for fat absorbtion

136
Q

microvilli

A

small cellular projections attached to enterocytes

137
Q

enterocytes

A

simple columnar epithelial cells lining the lumen

138
Q

brush border

A

microvilli of the small intestine form a border on each absorptive cell

139
Q

brush border enzymes are found in

A

microvilli plasma membrane

140
Q

contact digestion

A

chyme must contact the brush border for digestion to be completed

141
Q

carbs and amino acids are absorbed into enterocytes via

A

transport proteins

142
Q

carbs and amino acids diffuse out of enterocytes into

A

capillaries

143
Q

micelle

A

droplets of bile acids and fatty acids absorbed into enterocytes

144
Q

fatty acids are transported in

A

chylomians

145
Q

chylomians

A

droplets of triglycerides surrounded by phospholipids

146
Q

lipids in the small intestine are absorbed into

A

lacteals

147
Q

function of large intestines

A

absorption of water and salts

148
Q

how much reside is received by the large intestine from the small intestine each day

A

500 mL

149
Q

how much residue is reduced to through absorbtion

A

150 mL

150
Q

how long does it take to convert residue to feces

A

36-48 hours

151
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces

152
Q

defection exits through

A

rectum and anal canal

153
Q

vermiform appendix

A

contains lymphocytes and bacteria, attached to the large intestine

154
Q

epithelium of the mucosa of the large intestine

A

simple columnar

155
Q

anal canal epithelium

A

non-keratinzed stratified squamous

156
Q

intestinal crypts

A

glands extending into the lamina propia

157
Q

intestinal crypts contain

A

goblet cells that produce mucus

158
Q

taenia coli

A

three thickened strips of concentrated longitudinal fibers in the muscularis externa

159
Q

haustra

A

pouches along the large intestine that residue moves through

160
Q

distension of haustrum causes

A

contraction

161
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

involuntary smooth muscle that relaxes to release feces

162
Q

mass movement are also known as

A

bowel movement

163
Q

mass movement

A

strong contractions of the large intestine 1-3 times a day

164
Q

mass movements are triggered by

A

gastrocolic and duodenoscopic reflexes

165
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

filling of the stomach

166
Q

duodenocolic reflex

A

filling of the duodendum

167
Q

rectum

A

distal portion of the large intestine

168
Q

anal columns and sinuses secrete

A

lubricating mucus

169
Q

stimulation of large intestine

A

stretch of rectum for defecation

170
Q

intrinsic defecation reflexes

A

stimulation of the myenteric nerve plexus to contract the rectum m and relax the internal sphincter

171
Q

is the intrinsic defecation reflex strong or weak

A

weak

172
Q

parasympathetic defecation reflex

A

spinal cord signals intensify peristalsis and relaxation of anal sphincter

173
Q

is voluntary stimulation required for defecation

A

yes

174
Q

how many microbes are in the gut

A

over 800

175
Q

function of the gut microbiome

A

digest material that enzymes cannot, and help synthesize vitamins B and K

176
Q

flatus

A

intestinal gas

177
Q

what is flatus made of

A

swallowed air and bacterial gas

178
Q

flatus odor is caused by

A

hydrogen sulfide, indole, skatole

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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