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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 17 -Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 17 -Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A

liquid connective tissue

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2
Q

blood composition consistancy

A

regenerates and changes in composition constantly

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3
Q

blood function

A

transport, protect, regulate

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4
Q

what does blood transport

A

pickup CO2, waste and nutrients, delivers O2, hormones, and nutrients

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5
Q

how does blood protect

A

provides inflammation, WBCs destroy pathogens, antibodies id pathogens

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6
Q

what does blood regulate

A

pH, fluid balance, hormones

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7
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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8
Q

erythrocytes are also called

A

Red Blood Cells

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9
Q

leukocytes are also called

A

White Blood Cells

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10
Q

thrombocytes are also called

A

platelets

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11
Q

two major components of blood

A

formed elements and plasma

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12
Q

plasma

A

ECM of blood

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13
Q

plasma components

A

water, plasma proteins, dissolved substances

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14
Q

largest component of plasma

A

water (92%)

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15
Q

how is blood fractioned

A

centrifusion

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16
Q

components of centrifuged blood

A

plasma, RBCs, Buffy Coat

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17
Q

components of the buffy coat

A

WBCs and platelets

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18
Q

blood osmolarity

A

amount of solutes dissolved in 1Kg of blood

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19
Q

Blood osmolarity is determined by

A

substances in plasma

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20
Q

blood osmolarity is regulated by

A

urinary system

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21
Q

blood osmolarity affects

A

osmosis of RBCs

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22
Q

raise blood osmolarity by

A

drinking less water, consuming electrolytes/salt

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23
Q

lower blood osmolarity by

A

drinking water

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24
Q

red blood cell structure

A

biconcave disc, no organelles, filled with hemoglobin, flexible plasma membrane

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25
Q

biconcave disc structure of RBCs allows

A

increased surface area

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26
Q

RBC plasma membrane has what 2 proteins

A

spectrin and actin

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27
Q

RBC function

A

carry oxygen from lungs to cells, pick up CO2 and deliver it to lungs

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28
Q

oxygen traveling in RBCs attach to

A

hemoglobin

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29
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

4 globin protein chains, heme pigment bound to each chain

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30
Q

steps of hemoglobin gas binding

A

1) O2 loaded in the lungs
2) O2 unloaded in the tissues
3) CO2 loaded in the tissues

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31
Q

O2 loading of hemoglobin in the lungs produces

A

oxyhemoglobin

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32
Q

O2 unloading of hemoglobin in tissues produces

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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33
Q

color of oxyhemoglobin

A

bright red

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34
Q

color of deoxyhemoglobin

A

dark red

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35
Q

CO2 loading of hemoglobin in tissues produces

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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36
Q

is a lot or only a little of CO2 transported by hemoglobin

A

a little

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37
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production

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38
Q

how long does erythropoiesis take

A

3-5 days

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39
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur

A

red bone marrow

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40
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone stimulating erythropoiesis

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41
Q

erythropoietin is secreted by

A

the kidney

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42
Q

erythropoietin is released in response to

A

hypoxia

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43
Q

hypoxia

A

low O2 level

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44
Q

causes of hypoxia

A

blood loss, RBC deconstruction, iron deficiency, low atmospheric O2

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45
Q

effect of testosterone of erythropoiesis

A

increases erythropoietin synthesis

46
Q

is RBC count higher in males or females and why

A

males, testosterone

47
Q

leukocytes make up what percentage of blood volume

48
Q

least abundant formed element

49
Q

most common location of leukocytes

A

connective tissue

50
Q

composition of leukocytes

A

organelles, lots of lysosomes

51
Q

function of leukocytes

52
Q

non specific granules

A

lysosomes found in all leukocytes

53
Q

specific granules

A

not lysosomes, granules that stain well

54
Q

two categories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

55
Q

white blood cells are also called

A

leukocytes

56
Q

granulocytes

A

have specific granules

57
Q

agranulocytes

A

don’t have specific granules

58
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

59
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

60
Q

most common type of WBC

A

neutrophil

61
Q

neutrophil function

A

antibacterial

62
Q

first type of WBC to respond to infection

A

neutrophil

63
Q

eosinophil function

A

fight parasite

63
Q

acid staining granules

A

eosinophils

64
Q

second rarest WBC

A

Eosinophil

65
Q

basophil funtion

A

releases histamine and heparin to increase inflammation

66
Q

basic staining granules

67
Q

most rare type of WBC

68
Q

lymphocyte function

A

kill infected cells and pathogens, produce antibodies, present antigens

69
Q

which type of WBC provides long-term immunity

A

lymphocyte

70
Q

second most common WBC

A

lymphocyte

71
Q

monocyte function

A

clear cellular debris

72
Q

monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages in connective tissues

73
Q

third rarest WBC

74
Q

which type of WBC has no immune function

75
Q

which type of WBC is highly phagocytic

76
Q

colony forming units

A

premature group of a WBC

77
Q

colony forming units are derived from

A

common stem cells

78
Q

how are colony forming units stimulated

A

in response to infection

79
Q

how are colony forming units secreted

A

by lymphocytes and macrophages

80
Q

granulocyte life length in blood

81
Q

granulocyte life length in connective tissue

82
Q

agranulocyte life length compared to granulocyte

A

much longer than granulocytes

83
Q

platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

84
Q

second more common formed element

85
Q

platelet structure

A

cell fragments

86
Q

platelet composition

A

mitochondria, granules, no nucleus

87
Q

platelet function

A

blood clotting

88
Q

hemostasis

A

blood clotting

89
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

platelet formation

90
Q

how are platelets formed

A

by sheering off of the processes of megakarocytes

91
Q

megakarocytes

A

giant cells living in red bone marrow

92
Q

hemostasis steps

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation

93
Q

vascular spasm

A

constriction of broken vessels

94
Q

vascular spasm is caused by

A

pain receptors, smooth muscle injury

95
Q

what hormone releases platelets

96
Q

platelet plug

A

platelets sticking together

97
Q

when don’t platelets stick together

A

in unbroken vessels because of smooth muscle and the tunica intima coated with prostacyclin

98
Q

when do platelets stick together

A

in broken vessels because they stick to collagen fibers and rough surfaces

99
Q

how do platelets activate when sticking

A

grow pseudopods and go through degranulation to attract more platelets

100
Q

what do platelet plugs produce

A

a loose closure

101
Q

coagulation

A

tight closure of a broken blood vessel

102
Q

two steps of coagulation

A

fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which binds vessel walls and platelets together

103
Q

two versions of fibrinogen activation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism

104
Q

intrinsic mechanism is initiated by

105
Q

extrinsic mechanism is initiated by

A

damaged blood vessels

106
Q

is intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism faster

107
Q

what does fibrinogen activation produce

A

activated factor X

108
Q

fibrinogen Activation common final pathway steps

A
  1. Factor X activates Prothrombin
  2. Prothrombin -> Thrombin
  3. Thrombin -> Fibrinogen
  4. Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
  5. Fibrin forms a polymer and clots
109
Q

Fibrinogen Activation creates a positive/negative feedback loop

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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