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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

blood vessels

A

long tubes that transport blood to/from the heart

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2
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart

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4
Q

capillaries

A

connect small, arterial arteries to small venule veins

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5
Q

in what type of vessel does gas and nutrient exchange occur

A

capillaries

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6
Q

common circulatory route

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

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7
Q

layers of vessel walls are called

A

tunics

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8
Q

tunica interna/intima

A

lines blood vessel lumen

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9
Q

tunica intima is made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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10
Q

function of tunica intima

A

secretes chemicals to stimulate dilation/constriction into the tunica media

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11
Q

tunica media

A

middle, muscular layer of a vessel

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12
Q

tunica media is made of

A

smooth muscle, collagen, elastic tissue,

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13
Q

function of the tunica media

A

contracts and relaxes to change vessel diameter, provide strength and prevent rupture

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14
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost layer of vessels

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15
Q

tunica externa is made of

A

loose connective tissue

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16
Q

tunica externa function

A

anchor the vessel and merge with other structures

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17
Q

arteries are ___ walled, veins are ___ walled

A

thick, thin

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18
Q

arteries are thought of as ____ vessels, veins are thought of as ___ vessels

A

resistance vessels, capacitance vessels

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19
Q

what does it mean for arteries to be resistance vessels

A

resultant, rigid structure that resists damage by BP change

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20
Q

what does it mean for veins to be capacitance vessels

A

expand easy

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21
Q

what percentage of blood is held in veins

A

64%

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22
Q

other names for large arteries

A

conducting, elastic

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23
Q

large arteries can be found

A

aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac, pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

large arteries compostion

A

two elastic lamanae

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25
Q

internal elastic lamina is between

A

tunica intima and media

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26
Q

external elastic lamina is betwen

A

tunica media and externa

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27
Q

when do large arteries expand and recoil

A

expand in systole, recoil in diastole

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28
Q

function of large arteries

A

keep blood flowing, blood pressure constant

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29
Q

medium arteries are also called

A

distributing, muscular

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30
Q

medium artery functions

A

distribute blood to specific organs

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31
Q

examples of medium arteries

A

brachial, femoral, renal, splenic

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32
Q

the tunica media of medium arteries make up how much of the vessel wall

A

3/4

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33
Q

small arteries are also called

A

resistance arteries

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34
Q

small artery composition

A

thick tunica media, little tunica externa

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35
Q

most common example of small arteries

A

arterioles

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36
Q

arteriole

A

small artery that leads to capillaries and controls the amount of blood in a capillary bed

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37
Q

arteriole composition

A

20mm diameter, thin layer of smooth muscle

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38
Q

metarterioles

A

short vessels that link arterioles to venules and allow blood to bypass capillary beds

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39
Q

metarterioles are thought of us

A

thoroughfare channels

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40
Q

capillary composition

A

made of endothelium and basal lamina, no tunica media or externa, microscopic

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41
Q

capillaries are everywhere but

A

tendons, ligaments, epithelial, cornea and lens of eye

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42
Q

continuous capillary

A

endothelial cells joined by tight junctions with small intercellular clefts

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43
Q

continuous capillary function

A

allow passage of solutes, most common, least permeable

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44
Q

pericyte

A

contractile cell that wraps around continuous capillaries to restrict blood flow

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45
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

a thin endothelial layer with holes to allow small molecules to pass through quickly

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46
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries commonly found

A

kidneys, small intestine

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47
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

an irregular endothelium with many fenestrations to allow proteins and blood cells to pass through

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48
Q

sinusoid capillaries are commonly found

A

in liver, bone marrow, and the spleen

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49
Q

postcapillary venules compositon

A

tunica intima and fibroblasts

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50
Q

postcapillary venule function

A

where leukocytes exit the blood stream

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51
Q

muscular vein composition

A

all three layers of tunics
thick tunica externa
1-2 layers of tunica media

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52
Q

muscular vein function

A

receive blood from postcapillary venules

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53
Q

medium vein composition

A

all three layers
tunica intima forms venous valves

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54
Q

medium vein function

A

venous valves prevent blood from pooling in lower extremities

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55
Q

large vein composition

A

thin tunica media, thick tunica externa

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56
Q

venous sinus composition

A

thin walls, large lumens, no smooth muscles

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57
Q

venous sinus function

A

hold lots of blood, cannot vasoconstrict

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58
Q

capillary exchange

A

two way movement of fluid and solutes across the capillary walls

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59
Q

where is the only place blood and other tissues exchanged

A

capillaries

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60
Q

routes of passage for capillary exchange

A

endothelial cell cytoplasm, intercellular clefts, filtration pores or fenestrations

61
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

62
Q

capillary diffusion

A

glucose and O2 out and co2 and waste out of cells

63
Q

permeable solutes in diffusion

A

lipid soluble molecules and gases

64
Q

solute passages in diffusion

A

fenestrations, intercellular clefts

65
Q

solute passages allow the passage of

A

glucose and ions

66
Q

transcytosis

A

vesicle mediated transport of materials across the endothelium

67
Q

steps of transcytosis

A

vesicles form around material entering cell
vesicle moves across the cell
material released on the other side through exocytosis

68
Q

transcytosis makes up what percentage of capillary exchange

A

small

69
Q

transcytosis transports what materials

A

fatty acids, albumin, hormones like insulin

70
Q

filtration

A

fluid exiting the capillary into surrounding tissue

71
Q

filtration location

A

arterial end of capillary

72
Q

reabsorption

A

fluid entering the capillary from surrounding tissue

73
Q

reabsorption location

A

venous end of capillary

74
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid

75
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure

A

bp in a vessel pushes fluid out of a capillary

76
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure in a capillary

A

high on arterial end, low on venous end

77
Q

interstitial hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by fluids outside the capillary push fluids into cells and draw fluids out of the capillary

78
Q

interstitial hydrostatic pressure in a capillary

A

consistent on both capillary ends

79
Q

colloid osmotic pressure is the force that causes

A

osmosis

80
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmosis into capillaries

81
Q

tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmosis out of capillaries

82
Q

only capillary pressure that changes from end to end

A

blood hydrostatic presssure

83
Q

only capillary pressure that causes reabsorption

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

84
Q

colloid osmotic pressure is cause by

A

concentration of proteins and albumin

85
Q

colloid osmotic pressure levels

A

consistent at both ends

86
Q

oncotic pressure

A

net colloid osmotic pressure (blood-tissue cop)

87
Q

does filtration equal reabsorption

A

no

88
Q

how much of fluid filtered out is reabsorbed

A

85%

89
Q

how much of fluid filtered out is absorbed into the lymphatic system

A

15%

90
Q

net filtration/reabsorption pressure

A

sum of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure

91
Q

what must be specified in net capillary pressure calculation

A

if fluid movement is in or out

92
Q

net fluid in means

A

reabsorption

93
Q

net fluid out means

A

filtration

94
Q

hydrostatic pressure favors on the arterial end

A

filtration

95
Q

COP favors on the arterial end

A

reabsorption

96
Q

is net filtration or reabsorption larger on the arterial end

A

filtration because blood hydrostatic pressure is higher

97
Q

hydrostatic pressure favors on the venous end

A

filtration

98
Q

COP favors on the venous end

A

reabsorption

99
Q

is net filtration or reabsorption higher on the venous end

A

reabsorption

100
Q

edema

A

pooling of liquid in body tissue

101
Q

edema occurs

A

when filtration is greater than reabsorption

102
Q

edema is often caused by

A

heart failure of the ventricles

103
Q

edema symptoms

A

swelling, disfunction of affected tissue

104
Q

hemodynamics

A

physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance

105
Q

blood flow

A

amount of blood flowing through an organ tissue, or vessel in a given time

106
Q

blood flow is measured in

A

mL/min

107
Q

blood flow is proportional to

A

difference in pressure divided by resistance

108
Q

blood pressure

A

force blood exerts against a vessel wall

109
Q

measurement of blood pressure determines

A

pressure of the brachial artery

110
Q

systolic pressure

A

peak BP taken in ventricular systole

111
Q

diastolic pressure

A

minimum BP in ventricular diastole

112
Q

healthy blood pressure

A

120/80 mm/Hg

113
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

114
Q

pulse pressure measures the stress on

A

small arteries

115
Q

mean arterial Pressure

A

average blood pressure at one time

116
Q

mean arterial pressure calculation

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure

117
Q

blood pressure in arteries changes/is steady

A

changes

118
Q

blood pressure in veins and capillaries changes/is steady

A

steady

119
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood expelled by each ventricle per minute

120
Q

a higher cardiac output is equated to

A

a higher blood pressure

121
Q

blood volume

A

amount of blood in the body

122
Q

a high blood volume is equated to

A

a high blood pressure

123
Q

blood volume is regulated by

A

the kidney

124
Q

resistance to flow

A

forces that prevent blood from flowing

125
Q

resistors to flow are in the heart or peripheral

A

peripheral

126
Q

a higher resistance is equated to

A

higher Blood Pressure

127
Q

blood viscocity

A

thickness of blood

128
Q

high viscosity means

A

thicker blood, more resistance

129
Q

blood viscosity is impacted by

A

RBC count and albumin

130
Q

polycythemia

A

high RBC, very viscous blood

131
Q

anemia

A

fewer RBC, less viscous blood

132
Q

high albumin means

A

more viscous blood

133
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

low albumin levels

134
Q

longer the blood vessel means what for resistance

A

more resistance

135
Q

the farther blood travels from the heart, more/less friction is encountered

A

more

136
Q

larger vessel radius means

A

less resistance

137
Q

laminar flow

A

normal blood flow through vessels

138
Q

the faster blood flow is toward the center or periphery of the vessel

A

center

139
Q

vasomotion

A

quick and powerful alteration of blood pressure and flow

140
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of the tunica media

141
Q

vasoconstriction effect on radius and blood flow

A

reduction

142
Q

vasoconstriction effect on blood pressure

A

increases

143
Q

vasodilation

A

relaxation of tunica media

144
Q

vasodilation effect on vessel radius and blood flow

A

increases

145
Q

vasodilation effect on blood pressure

A

reduction

146
Q

vasomotion purposes

A

control blood pressure, route blood from region to region

147
Q

vasomotion effect on blood pressure

A

prevents cerebral perfusion

148
Q

blood flow increases/decreases in areas of no vasoconstriction

A

increases

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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