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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 24 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of the US

A

formation of urine through filtration of blood

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2
Q

functions of urine

A

excretion of metabolic waste, regulation of blood volume, osmolarity, and pH balance

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3
Q

main type of metabolic waste secreted by urine

A

nitrogenous waste

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4
Q

functions of Kidney

A

filter blood, form urine, secrete erythropoietin, calcitriol synthesis, detoxification of free radicals

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5
Q

function of ureters

A

transport urine to urinary bladder

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6
Q

urinary bladder function

A

stores urine

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7
Q

urethra funciton

A

excretes urine from the urinary bladder

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8
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis: RBC formation

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9
Q

calcitriol synthesis

A

active formation of vitamin D that raised blood calcium

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10
Q

free radicals

A

atoms with an unpaired electron that are highly reactive and destructive

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11
Q

example of free radical

A

oxygen radical

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12
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

toxic metabolic waste through which excess nitrogen is created in the body

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13
Q

types of nitrogenous wastes

A

Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid, Creatine

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14
Q

Ammonia chemical formula

A

NH3

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15
Q

Urea Chemical formula

A

CO(H2)2

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16
Q

ammonia is produced from

A

amino groups during protein breakdown

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17
Q

urea is produced from

A

ammonia by the live

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18
Q

uric acid is produced from

A

the breakdown of nucleic acids

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19
Q

creatine is produced from

A

the breakdown of creatine phosphate

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20
Q

blood flow through the kidney arteries

A

abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical arteries, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

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21
Q

renal arteries

A

enter the kidney and branch into the segmented arteries

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22
Q

segmented arteries

A

branch into interlobar arteries

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23
Q

interlobar arteries

A

pass through renal columns and branch into arcuate arteries

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24
Q

arcuate arteries

A

lie at the corticomedullary junction

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25
Q

corticomedullary junction

A

the border between the renal cortex and medulla that branch into cortical radiate arteries

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26
Q

cortical radiate arteries

A

move into the cortex and branch into afferent arterioles

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27
Q

afferent arterioles

A

form the glomerulus capillary bed

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28
Q

efferent arteriole

A

emerges from the glomerulus and branches into the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

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29
Q

the kidney veins are the same as the kidney arteries except for

A

there are no segmental veins

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30
Q

renal fibrous capsule

A

external layer that encloses and protects the kidney

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31
Q

the renal fibrous capsule is composed of what type of tissue

A

collagen fiber

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32
Q

renal parenchyma

A

granular tissue that forms urine and encircles

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33
Q

renal sinus

A

cavity near the medial aspect of the kidney

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34
Q

regions of the parenchyma

A

cortex and medulla

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35
Q

the cortex is ____ and the medulla is _____

A

superficial, deep

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36
Q

renal columns

A

extensions of cortical tissue

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37
Q

renal pyramids

A

composed of nephron loops and collecting ducts

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38
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

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39
Q

nephron function

A

filters blood to form filtrate and concentrate and convert waste into urine

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40
Q

filtrate

A

filtered blood that enters the nephron

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41
Q

how much filtrate goes through a kidney a day

A

1.2 million

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42
Q

parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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43
Q

renal corpuscle is composed of

A

the glomerulus capillary bed and glomerulus capsule

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44
Q

function of renal corpuscle

A

filter blood

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45
Q

the renal corpuscle is found in

A

the cortex

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46
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries that delivers blood to the kidney

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47
Q

glomerulus capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus

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48
Q

layers of the glomerulus capsule

A

visceral layer, capsular space, and parietal layer

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49
Q

glomerulus visceral layer is made of

A

cells called podocytes surrounding capillaries

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50
Q

glomerulus capsular space

A

between layers of glomerulus where filtrate enters corpuscle

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51
Q

the parietal layer of the glomerulus

A

outer wall of the corpuscle

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52
Q

renal tubule function

A

forms urine from filtrate

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53
Q

parts of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

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54
Q

proximal convoluted tubule receives filtrate from

A

the Renal corpuscle

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55
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule is found in

A

the cortex

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56
Q

PCT shape

A

long and coiled

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57
Q

nephron loop receives filtrate from

A

the PCT

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58
Q

the Nephron Loop is where

A

descends into the medulla and is part of the renal pyramids

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59
Q

nephron loop shape

A

u-shaped

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60
Q

distal convoluted tubule receives filtrate from

A

the nephron loop

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61
Q

the distal convoluted tubule is found in the

A

renal cortex

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62
Q

the collecting duct receives urine from

A

multiple DCTs

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63
Q

function of the DCT

A

delivers urine into larger urine collecting structures

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64
Q

the collecting duct is located within

A

the renal pyramid

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65
Q

glomerular filtration

A

blood is filtered from the glomerulus and forms filtrate

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66
Q

glomerular filtration occurs in

A

the renal corpuscle

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66
Q

where does tubular reabsorption occur

A

in renal tubule

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66
Q

tubular reabsorbtion

A

solutes are removed from filtrate and returned to blood

67
Q

tubular secretion

A

additional substances are removed from blood or added to filtrate

68
Q

tubular secretion occurs in

A

the renal tubule

69
Q

water conservation

A

additional substances are removed from blood or added to filtrate

70
Q

water conservation occurs in

A

the renal tubule through the collecting duct

71
Q

what is the first stage of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration

72
Q

special capillary exchange that occurs in glomerular filtration

A

blood in the glomerulus is filtered and removed substances enter the bowman’s capsule as filtate

73
Q

filtration membrane is made of

A

capillary membrane, the basement membrane, and filtration slits

74
Q

filtration membrane

A

fenestrations that allow substances out of the capillary

75
Q

anything smaller than ___ nm can go through the filtration membrane

A

70 nm

76
Q

basement membrane

A

negatively charged membrane between glomerulus and podocytes

77
Q

what substances can filter through the basement membrane

A

smaller than 8 nm and neutral or positively charged molecules

78
Q

filtration slits

A

spaces between feet processes of podocytes that allow substances into capsular space

79
Q

substances become filtrate when they pass through what part of the filtration membrane

A

the filtration slits

80
Q

filtrate is made of

A

water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, nitrogenous waste, salt

81
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtration formed per minute by both kidneys

82
Q

male average GFR

A

125 mL/min

83
Q

female average GFR

A

105 mL/min

84
Q

how much human blood is filtered through the kidneys each day

A

50-60x blood volume filtered per day

85
Q

what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed and returned to blood

A

99%

86
Q

how much urine is excreted per day

A

1-2 Liters

87
Q

what happens when GFR is too high

A

the filtrate flows fast through the renal tubule, preventing reabsorption, causing dehydration and excess urination

88
Q

what happens when GFR is too low

A

waste is not removed from blood or reabsorbed

89
Q

how is GFR controlled by Glomerular blood pressure?

A

higher G blood pressure causes high blood hydrostatic pressure, which causes high net filtration pressure, leading to high GFR

90
Q

does Blood hydrostatic pressure favor filtration or reabsorption

A

filtration

91
Q

Blood Hydrostatic pressure is high in the glomerulus because

A

the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole

92
Q

NFP = BHP - (CP+COP) =

A

10 mmHg

93
Q

CP

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

94
Q

CP favors reabsorption/filtration

A

reabsorption

95
Q

COP

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

96
Q

COP favors reabsorption/filtration

A

reabsorption

97
Q

renal autoregulation

A

nephrons adjust their own blood flow

98
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

prevents sudden/short term increases in systemic BP from overly increasing GFR

99
Q

myogenic mechanism tries to

A

maintain baseline

100
Q

myogenic mechanism contracts the afferent arteriole smooth muscle when

A

the smooth muscle is stretched by high blood pressure

101
Q

sudden increase in systemic BP causes what in the kidneys

A

1) afferent arterioles stretch due to BP and blood flow surge
2) Arterioles contract and less blood flows to the glomerulus
3) Glomerular BP and GFR lowers back to baseline

102
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

glomerulus receives feedback of status downstream tubular fluid and adjusts filtration rate

103
Q

macula densa

A

patch of sensory cells in the nephron loop just before the Distal CT

104
Q

macula densa detects _____ levels in filtrate

A

NaCl

105
Q

high NaCl in the Macula Densa causes

A

high GFR and the macula densa to stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells

106
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells wrapping around the afferent arteriole

107
Q

juxtaglomerular cells constrict if stimulated by ____

A

the macula densa

108
Q

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole causes

A

less blood flow to the glomerulus, leading to lower glomerular BP, causing lower GFR

109
Q

sympathetic control of afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

A

sympathetic innervation and catecholamines from the adrenal medulla

110
Q

what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

65%

111
Q

reabsorbed filtrate in the PCT is sent into

A

the peritubular capillaries

112
Q

how is the movement of solutes and water osmosis driven in the PCT

A

cotransport and active transport of Na+

113
Q

how much of resting ATP is necessary for filtrate reabsorption in the PCT

A

6%

114
Q

what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed in the nephron loop

A

25%

115
Q

the filtrate reabsorbed in the nephron loop is sent into the

A

nephron loop

116
Q

what molecules are reabsorbed in the DCT using hormone regulation

A

water, Na+, Cl-

117
Q

filtrate reabsorbed in the DCT is sent into the

A

peritubular capillaries

118
Q

at what part of the kidney is urine finished being produced

A

DCT

119
Q

water conservation and urine concentration occurs in what part of the kidney

A

the collecting duct

120
Q

purposes of tubular secretion

A

acid-base balance, waste removal, clearance of drugs and contaminents

121
Q

H+ secretion in the renal tubule raises/lowers pH of blood

A

raises

122
Q

HCO3 secretion raises/lowers pH of blood

A

lowers

123
Q

waste removed through tubular secretion

A

nitrogenous waste and bile acid

124
Q

tubular secretion occurs in

A

the renal tubule, mostly the DCT, but also the collecting duct

125
Q

how does tubular secretion occur

A

active transport and diffusion

126
Q

water conservation in the nephron loop

A

generates the high osmolarity and salinity of medulla ECF

127
Q

Is the solute concentration in the nephron loop low/high

A

high

128
Q

the deeper into the medulla, the higher/lower the salinity

A

higher

129
Q

where does urine concentration occur

A

collecting duct

130
Q

urine concentration in the collecting duct occurs through what process

A

osmosis of water

131
Q

function of nephron loop

A

generates high salinity of medulla ECF

132
Q

the nephron loop receives filtrate from

A

the PCT

133
Q

descending limb is the thin/thick segment that ascends/descends into the medulla

A

thin, descends

134
Q

the descending limb is permeable to water or salts

A

water

135
Q

the ascending limb is the thin/thick segment that descends/ascends in the medulla

A

thick/ascends toward the cortex

136
Q

the ascending limb is permeable to water/salts

A

salts

137
Q

the ascending limbs delivers filtrate to

A

the DCT

138
Q

the countercurrent multiplier multiplies

A

the medulla ECF salinity

139
Q

how does fluid move in the countercurrent multiplier

A

fluid moves the opposite direction of the ascending/descending limbs

140
Q

as fluid moves through the descending limb, there is an environment of

A

increasing osmolarity to cause water to leave filtrate

141
Q

how much filtrate is concentrated at the bottom of the nephron loop

A

1200 mosm/L

142
Q

in the ascending limb, more/less salt is pumped out of the ascending limb than water lost from the descending limb

A

more

143
Q

is filtrate more or less dilute entering the DCT than leaving the PCT

A

more

144
Q

vasa recta

A

capillaries of the medulla that reabsorb material from the nephron loop

145
Q

does the vasa recta change the medulla osmolarity

A

no

146
Q

the vasa recta reabsorbs equal/different amounts of water and alts

A

equal

147
Q

diffusion of molecules from the descending capillaries of the vasa recta

A

mostly NaCl diffusing into blood and some water diffusing out

148
Q

diffusion of molecules in ascending capillaries of the vasa recta

A

same NaCl diffuses out of the blood, mostly water diffuses in

149
Q

more water reabsorption in the collecting duct causes

A

more concentrated urine and lower urine volume

149
Q

after water conservation, how many more times can urine be concentrated

A

4x

150
Q

renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

A

hormonal system that regulated blood pressure in the kidney

151
Q

the RAA mechanism is regulated by

A

the nephron reabsorption and GFR

152
Q

when systemic BP falls, what happens to the hormones that act on the kidney

A

causes the juxtaglomerular cells to secret Renin

153
Q

renin

A

hormone that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

154
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme converts

A

angiotensin I to angiotensin II

155
Q

angiotensin II

A

potent vasoconstriction hormone that raises blood pressure

156
Q

effects of angiotensin II at the renal corpuscle

A

constricts the efferent arterioles more than afferent arterioles

157
Q

how does angiotensin II prevent a GFR drop

A

keeps glomerular Blood pressure high

158
Q

the angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete

A

aldosterone

159
Q

aldosterone

A

hormone that causes Na+ reabsorption in the DCT

160
Q

what in the blood does aldosterone raise

A

blood volume and blood pressure

161
Q

antidiuretic hormone is produced by ________ and secreted by ______-

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

162
Q

function of the antidiuretic hormone

A

reduces urination and increase blood volume and pressure

163
Q

antidiuretic hormone makes the collecting duct more/less permeable to water

A

more

164
Q

antidiuretic hormone causes more/less water to be reabsorbed by the collecting duct

A

more

165
Q

less water in urine means what about the characteristics of urine

A

lower volume, more concentrated

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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