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CBIO 2210 > Chapter 18 - The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the cardiovascular system is made up of

A

the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

what makes up the circulatory system

A

the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the circulatory system

A

pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

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4
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

brings blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

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5
Q

the pulmonary circuit pumps blood from which side of the heart

A

right

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6
Q

arteries

A

move blood away from the heart

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7
Q

what gases are exchanged in the lungs through the pulmonary system

A

CO2 out, O2 in

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8
Q

way of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood in the pulmonary system

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped by the right side of the heart into the lungs, oxygenated blood arrive on the left side of the heart

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9
Q

systemic circuit

A

delivers oxygenated blood to the body via systemic arteries

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10
Q

the systemic circuit pumps blood from which side of the heart

A

left

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11
Q

way of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the systemic circuit

A

oxygenated blood is pumped by the left side of the heart through the body, then deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart

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12
Q

atria

A

veins that receive blood returning to the heart from the body

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12
Q

location of atria

A

two superior chambers of the heart

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13
Q

the right atrium receives blood from circulation, the left atrium receives blood from circulation

A

right atrium receives blood from systemic circulation, left atrium receives blood from pulmonary circulation

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14
Q

ventricles

A

pump blood into arteries

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15
Q

ventricles are located

A

in the two inferior chambers of the heart

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16
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood into , the left ventricle pumps blood into

A

the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta

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17
Q

flow of blood through the right side of the heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium via systemic veins
  2. Right Atrium pumps blood to the right ventricle
  3. Right Ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary artery then the lungs and body
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18
Q

two main systemic veins

A

superior and inferior cava

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19
Q

flow of blood through the left side of the heart

A
  1. oxygenated blood arrives at the left atrium via pulmonary arteries
  2. Left atrium pumps blood to the left ventricle
  3. Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta and systemic circulation of the body
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20
Q

function of heart valves

A

ensure the one way flow of blood

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21
Q

when do heart valves open

A

due to the pressure gradient created by heart beats

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22
Q

Atrioventricular Valves ensure blood flow from to .

A

from the atria to the ventricles

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23
Q

right AV valve is also called

A

tricuspid valve

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24
Q

left AV valve is also called

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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25
Q

why do AV valves stay closed

A

to prevent backflow when ventricles contract

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26
Q

chordae tendineae

A

attach AV valves to floor of ventricles, attach to papillary muscles

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27
Q

blood flow

A

vein to atrium to ventricle to artery

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28
Q

semilunar valves are between

A

ventricles and great arteries

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29
Q

pulmonary semilunar valves are between

A

right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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30
Q

aortic semilunar valve is between

A

left ventricle and aorta

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31
Q

semilunar valves only open upon

A

ventricular contraction

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32
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete cycle of contraction and relaxation of all four heart chambers

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33
Q

the heartbeat lasts approximately

A

1 second

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34
Q

systole

A

cardiac contraction

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35
Q

diastole

A

cardiac relaxation

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36
Q

general reference to systole/diastole of the heart means

A

the ventricles

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37
Q

which chambers drive the cardiac cycle

A

ventricles

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38
Q

in ventricular diastole, blood flows from

A

atria to ventricles

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39
Q

AV valves close when

A

blood pressure in ventricles push them close

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40
Q

the first heart sound occurs

A

when AV valves close

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41
Q

in Ventricular systole, blood flows

A

into arteries

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42
Q

in ventricular diastole, pressure increases/decreases

A

decreases

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43
Q

in ventricular systole, pressure increases/decreases

A

increases

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44
Q

Semilunar valves are pushed open when

A

ventricles contract

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45
Q

semilunar valves close when

A

the blood pressure in arteries push them closed

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46
Q

the second heart sound occurs

A

when the blood pressure in arteries push semilunar valves closed

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47
Q

what sound does S1 make

A

lub

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48
Q

what sound does S2 make

A

dub

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49
Q

the third heart sound occurs

A

when the mitral valve opens and blood hits the wall of the left ventricle

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50
Q

what sound does S3 make

A

ta

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51
Q

the third heart sound is only heard

A

in people under 30

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52
Q

what phases of the cardiac cycle occur in ventricular diastole

A

ventricular filling and isovolumetric relaxation

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53
Q

what phases of the cardiac cycle occur in ventricular systole

A

ventricular ejection and isovolumetric contraction

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54
Q

three phases of ventricular filling

A

rapid ventricular filling, diastasis, atrial systole

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55
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of atrial systole

56
Q

end-diastolic volume amount

A

130 mL

57
Q

in what phase of the cardiac cycle does the atria first relax

A

isovolumetric contraction

58
Q

in what phases of the cardiac cycle does ventricles depolarize

A

isovolumetric contraction

59
Q

why do ventricles not yet eject blood in isovolumetric contraction

A

blood pressure in arteries is too high to open the Semilunar valves

60
Q

in what phase of cardiac contraction does the ventricles fully contract

A

ventricular ejection

61
Q

in what phase of the cardiac cycle do semilunar valves open

A

ventricular ejection

62
Q

ventricular ejection phases

A

rapid ejection and reduced ejection

63
Q

end systemic volume

A

amount of blood left after ventricular ejection

64
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles

65
Q

how is end-systolic volume calculated

A

EDV-SV

66
Q

end systolic volume releases how much blood?

A

60 mL

67
Q

which phase of the cardiac cycle is the longest

A

ventricular ejection

68
Q

in which phase of the cardiac cycle do ventricles begin to expand

A

isovolumetric relaxation

69
Q

in what phase of the cardiac cycle do semilunar valves close

A

isovolumetric relaxation

70
Q

ventricles receive the same/a different amount of blood

A

the same

71
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

cardiac muscle cells

72
Q

characteristics of cardiomyocytes

A

short cells, involuntary, striated, single nuclei, branched, fibrosis repair, joined by intercalated discs

73
Q

striation

A

regular arrangement of thick and thin filaments

74
Q

interdigitating folds

A

folds interlocking with the folds of adjoining intercalated discs

75
Q

interdigitating folds allow for

A

increased contact surface area between cardiomyocytes

76
Q

types of junctions between cardiomyocytes

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

77
Q

desmosomes in cardiac muscle

A

prevent cardiomyocytes from pulling apart

78
Q

gap junctions in cardiomyocytes

A

assist in depolarization of ventricles and simultaneous contraction of entire myocardium

79
Q

cardiac muscle uses what type of metabolism

A

aerobic respiration

80
Q

why is aerobic respiration used in cardiac muscle

A

high myoglobin, glycogen, and mitochondria content

81
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

coordinates the heartbeat pathways that travel through the myocardium

82
Q

steps of cardiac conduction

A

SA node, Atria, AV node, AV bundle, subendocardial conduction network

83
Q

the internal pacemaker is the

A

SA node

84
Q

location of the SA node

A

right atrium, near superior vena cava

85
Q

the right side of the heart receives blood from the circuit and sends blood to the circuit

A

systemic, pulmonary

86
Q

the left side of the heart receives blood from the circuit and sends blood to the circuit

A

pulmonary, systemic

87
Q

electrical signals are prevented from reaching ventricles from the atria because of

A

a fibrous skeleton

88
Q

the electrical gateway to the ventricles is the

A

AV node

89
Q

the AV node is located within

A

the interatrial septum

90
Q

the AV bundle is also called

A

bundle of His

91
Q

the AV bundle branches or is one

A

branches

92
Q

subendocardial conduction network

A

nerve-like projections from the apex into the ventricles

93
Q

cardiomyocytes pass electrical signals through

A

gap junctions

94
Q

in which phase of the cardiac conduction system does the ventricles contract

A

subendocardial conducting network

95
Q

cardiac rhythm

A

rate at which heart beats

96
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal HR triggered by SA node

97
Q

sinus rhythm fires every

A

0.8 sec

98
Q

sinus rhythm heart rate

A

70-80 bpm

99
Q

sinus rhythm functions best when under the influence of

A

the vagus nerve

100
Q

ectopic focus

A

region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node

101
Q

nodal rhythm

A

heart rate generated by AV node

102
Q

nodal rhythm heat rate

A

40-50 bpm

103
Q

pacemaker potential

A

gradual depolarization of SA node

104
Q

RMP of pacemaker potential

A

-60 mV

105
Q

SA node Action potential steps

A

threshold voltage reached, voltage gated Ca and Na channels open, depolarization, repolarization

106
Q

threshold voltage of SA node action potential

A

-40 mV

107
Q

depolarization voltage of SA node AP

A

0 mV

108
Q

cardiomyocytes RMP

A

-90 mV

109
Q

cardiomyocytes AP start with

A

SA node stimulation

110
Q

phases of AP in cardiomyocyte

A

depolarization, plateau phase, repolarization

111
Q

cardiomyocyte depolarization voltage

A

30 mV

112
Q

Plateau Phase

A

contraction sustained in cardiomyocyte by expelling blood from chamber

113
Q

longest phase of cardiomyocyte AP

A

plateau phase

114
Q

purpose of the absolute refractory period for cardiomyocytes

A

allows for complete contraction and relaxation

115
Q

heart rate

A

number of heart beats per minute

116
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute

117
Q

cardiac output formula

A

HR x SV

118
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricle with each heartbeat

119
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between max and resting Cardiac Output

120
Q

tachycardia

A

fast HR

121
Q

tachycardia bpm

A

over 100 bpm

122
Q

bradycardia

A

slow HR

123
Q

bradycardia bpm

A

under 60 bpm

124
Q

chronotropic agent

A

factor that changes HR

125
Q

positive chronotropic

A

raises HR

126
Q

negative chronotropic

A

lowers HR

127
Q

preload

A

amount of tension in ventricular myocardium just before contraction

128
Q

more ventricular stretch causes more which cause more

A

tension, contraction

129
Q

preload increases/decreases SV

A

increases

130
Q

frank starling law

A

SV is proportional to end-diastolic volume

131
Q

contractility

A

how hard the myocardium contract for a preload

132
Q

contractility increases/decreases SV

A

increases

133
Q

inotropic agents

A

factors of contractility

134
Q

positive inotropic agents

A

increased contractility by increased Ca

135
Q

negative inotropic agents

A

decreased contractility by decrease Ca

136
Q

afterload

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

137
Q

afterload increases/decreases SV

A

decreases

138
Q

main cause of afterload

A

high BP in arteries

CBIO 2210 (9 decks)

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