Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 24: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 24: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

processes that occur as filtrate is converted to urine:

A
  • elimination of metabolic wastes
  • regulation of ion levels
  • regulation of pH balance
  • regulation of blood pressure
  • elimination of biologically active molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

other functions of the kidney

A
  • formation/conversion of calcitriol from vit. D
  • production and release of erythropoietin
  • potential to engage in gluconeogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

filtrate

A
  • 180 L/day
  • filtered sample of plasma with small solutes and minimal protein
  • caught within capsular space and funneled into PCT
  • materials not filtered remain in blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

filtrate occurs in the

A

renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tubular fluid

A

modified filtrate in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tubular fluid flows through

A
  • PCT
  • nephron loop
  • DCT
  • enters collecting tubules
  • empties into collecting ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

urine

A

final product for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urine flows through

A
  • papillary duct
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glomerular filtration

A

the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tubular secretion

A

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most tubular reabsorption occurs at the

A

PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tubular secretion is ____________ at the DCT

A

highly variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___________ strongly affect the DCT

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

filtration membrane

A
  • composed of three sandwiched layers
  • to enter filtrate, must pass through three layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

filtration slits are the

A

gaps between the podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pedicels

A

processes on podocytes that wrap around the glomerulus to support the capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

holes within the glomerular capillaries are called

A

fenestrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

filtration membrane can be damaged by high

A

blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Should formed elements be in the filtrate?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

filtrate includes

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • ions
  • urea
  • some hormones
  • vitamins B and C
  • ketones
  • very small amounts of protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

A

blood pressure in the glomerulus that pushes water and some solutes out of the blood into the capsular space
- driving force
- usually 60 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)

A

pressure of albumin in blood
- opposes filtration
- osmotic pressure exerted by dissolved solutes
- usually 32 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

fluid pressure in the nephron
- detects any obstructions in the nephron or urinary tract
- opposes filtration
- usually 18 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

finding the net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

HPg - (OPg + HPc) = NFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

average of NFP

A

10 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

increased HPg and NFP leads to

A
  • increases GFR
  • decreases filtrate reabsorption
  • more solutes and H2O remain in tubular fluid and urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GFR is tightly regulated based on

A

physiological conditions

30
Q

GFR regulated by

A
  • intrinsic controls
  • extrinsic controls
31
Q

intrinsic controls

A

autoregulation of the kidneys

32
Q

extrinsic controls

A

something from outside the kidneys is influencing it (hormones and nervous system)

33
Q

renal autoregulation

A

intrinsic control
- ability of kidney to maintain consistent GFR despite fluctuations in systematic arterial pressure

34
Q

decreased systematic BP results in

A

vasodilation of afferent arteriole

35
Q

increased systematic BP results in

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

36
Q

neural and hormonal control

A

extrinsic controls
- physiological processes that intentionally change GFR
- different from renal autoregulation which maintains GFR

37
Q

increasing GFR through

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

38
Q

increasing GFR through ANP’s net effect

A

GFR increased and filtrate increased; more fluid eliminated in urine, which decreases blood volume

39
Q

decreasing GFR through

A

sympathetic stimulation

40
Q

decreasing GFR through sympathetic stimulation’s net effect

A

GFR decreased and filtrate decreased; more fluid retained in blood, which maintains blood volume

41
Q

peritubular capillary

A
  • low hydrostatic pressure
  • high colloid osmotic pressure
42
Q

paracellular transport

A

movement of substances between epithelial cells

43
Q

transcellular transport

A

movement of substances across epithelial cells

44
Q

transport maximum (Tm)

A

maximum rate of substance that can be reabsorbed

45
Q

renal threshold

A

max blood plasma concentration of substance that can be “contained” in blood without appearing in the urine

46
Q

glucosuria (glycosuria)

A
  • excretion of glucose in urine
  • glucose acts as an osmotic diuretic
47
Q

PCT reabsorption

A
  • 100% of nutrients
  • majority of water
  • majority of ions:
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
  • Ca++
  • HCO3-
48
Q

PCT secretion

A
  • some drugs
  • nitrogenous wastes
49
Q

nephron loop reabsorption

A
  • Na+ and Cl-
  • water
50
Q

most sodium reabsorption occurs at the

A

PCT

51
Q

what hormones affect sodium reabsorption at the DCT

A

aldosterone and ANP

52
Q

DCT and collecting duct reabsorption

A
  • Na+ (regulated by aldosterone and ANP)
  • water (regulated by aldosterone and ADH)
  • Ca++ ( increased by PTH)
53
Q

where does most water reabsorption occur

A

PCT

54
Q

what hormone affects water reabsorption at the DCT

A

ADH

55
Q

water is attracted to

A
  • colloids
  • sugars
  • sodium
56
Q

where potassium is absorbed the most

A

PCT

57
Q

DCT and collecting duct secretion

A
  • K+ (in exchange for Na+)
  • H+ (if pH is low)
  • HCO3- (if pH is high)
58
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

metabolic waste containing nitrogen

59
Q

main nitrogenous waste products

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
60
Q

urea

A
  • both reabsorbed and secreted
  • a molecule produced from protein breakdown
61
Q

uric acid

A
  • produced from nucleic acid breakdown in liver
  • both reabsorbed and secreted
62
Q

creatinine

A
  • produced from creatinine metabolism in muscle
  • only secreted
63
Q

substances eliminated as waste products: drugs and bioactive substances

A

most secretions occuring in PCT
- certain drugs (penicillin, aspirin)
- other metabolic wastes (urobilin)
- some hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin)

64
Q

GFR can be measured with

A
  • insulin injection
  • creatinine clearance test
65
Q

urine composition

A
  • 95% water
  • 5% solutes (salts, nitrogenous wastes, some hormones, drugs, ketone bodies)
66
Q

urine volume

A
  • 1-2 L per day
  • minimum of 0.5 L to eliminate wastes
67
Q

urine pH

A

normally between 4.5-8.0
- more acidic- protein or wheat
- less acidic- fruits and vegetables

68
Q

urine specific gravity

A
  • density of a substance compared water
  • urine slightly greater than H20
69
Q

urine color

A

ranges from almost clear to dark yellow

70
Q

urinoid

A

normal smell of fresh urine

71
Q

micturition

A

expulsion of urine from the bladder

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions