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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 17: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

composed of ductless glands that synthesize and secrete hormones

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2
Q

the endocrine system has _______________ processing and causes _______________ changes

A

long-term processing/long-lasting

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3
Q

hormones are ____________ messengers that are called ____________

A

chemical/ligands

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4
Q

target cells

A

have the specific receptors for a hormone; are the destinations for hormones

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5
Q

endocrine glands lack ________ unlike exocrine glands

A

ducts

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6
Q

hormones molecules are transported within the blood from the endocrine gland’s associated capillaries by the ____________________________ to all body tissues

A

cardiovascular system

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7
Q

general functions of the endocrine system

A
  • regulating development, growth, and metabolism
  • maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  • controlling digestive processes
  • controlling reproductive activities
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8
Q

endocrine system regulating development, growth, and metabolism

A
  • embryonic cell division and differentiation
  • metabolism
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9
Q

endocrine system maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume

A
  • blood solute concentration
  • blood volume, cellular concentration, and platelet number
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10
Q

endocrine system controlling digestive processes

A

secretory processes and movement of materials in the digestive tract

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11
Q

endocrine system reproductive activities

A

development and function of reproductive systems and the expression of sexual behaviors

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12
Q

endocrine glands contain ____________ tissue that makes and releases hormones within a ___________ tissue framework

A

epithelial/connective

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13
Q

3 types of endocrine reflexes

A

1- hormonal stimulation
2- humoral stimulation
3- nervous system stimulation

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14
Q

hormonal stimulation

A

most common; a gland cell releases its hormone when some other hormone binds to it

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15
Q

humoral stimulation

A

most common; negative feedback based on the conditions of the fluid around it

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16
Q

nervous system stimulation

A

neuroendocrine reflex that’s triggered by the NS and finished by the endocrine system

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17
Q

circulating hormones include

A
  • steroids
  • biogenic amines
  • proteins
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18
Q

steroids

A

lipid-soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol

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19
Q

biogenic amines

A
  • modified amino acids/ amino acid derivative
  • water-soluble except for thyroid hormone (TH)
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20
Q

proteins

A
  • water-soluble chains of amino acids
  • amino acids are the building blocks
  • most hormones are in this category
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21
Q

steroids include

A
  • gonad steroids (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
  • steroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex (cortisol)
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22
Q

biogenic amines include

A
  • thyroid hormone (TH)
  • melatonin
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
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23
Q

proteins include

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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24
Q

biogenic amines and proteins must bind to ____________________________ of their target cell and rely on ____________________________ inside the cell to finish their message

A

extracellular receptors/second messengers

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25
Q

local hormones

A

paracrine factors; don’t go far and stay in the interstitial fluid

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26
Q

local hormones include

A
  • eicosanoids
  • prostaglandins
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27
Q

eicosanoids

A

a type of local hormone formed from fatty acids with the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane

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28
Q

prostaglandins

A

are eicosanoids; stimulate pain and inflammatory responses; interleukin

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29
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A

can diffuse across target cell membranes; are small, nonpolar, and lipophilic

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30
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

use extracellular membrane receptors; are polar and can’t diffuse across the membrane

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31
Q

hormone interactions on a target cell

A
  • synergistic interactions
  • permissive interactions
  • antagonistic interactions
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32
Q

synergistic interactions

A

hormones work together to produce a greater effect

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33
Q

permissive interaction

A

first hormone allows action of second hormone

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34
Q

antagonistic interaction

A

one hormone cause opposite effect of another hormone

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35
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

the hypothalamus produces the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which is released into the posterior pituitary gland; somas in supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

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36
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

produces ADH

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37
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

produces oxytocin

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38
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

water conserving hormone:
- decrease urine production
- stimulate thirst
- constrict blood vessels

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39
Q

oxytocin

A
  • uterine contraction
  • milk ejection
  • emotional bonding
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40
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessels connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary; contains the:
- primary plexus
- secondary plexus
- hypophyseal portal veins

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41
Q

the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (anterior pituitary) produces 6 hormones

A

1- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3- growth hormone (GH)
4- prolactin (PRL)
5- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
6- luteinizing hormone (LH)

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42
Q

hypothalamus releasing hormones

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • prolactin-releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
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43
Q

hypothalamus inhibiting hormones

A
  • prolactin-inhibiting hormone
  • growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
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44
Q

primary plexus

A

porous capillary network associated with hypothalamus

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45
Q

secondary plexus

A

capillary network associated with anterior pituitary

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46
Q

hypophyseal portal veins

A

drain primary plexus and transport to secondary plexus

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47
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • released triggered by TRH
  • causes release of TH from thyroid gland
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48
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • release triggered by PRH
  • inhibited by PIH
  • causes milk production, mammary growth
49
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • release triggered by CRH
  • causes the release of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex> glucocorticoids
50
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • release triggered by GnRH
  • in female: regulate ovarian development and secretion of estrogen/progesterone
  • in male: sperm development and secretion of testosterone
51
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A
  • causes liver to secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
  • GH and IGF function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and division
  • target muscles, bones, liver, and adipose connective tissue
52
Q

amount of GHRH released from the hypothalamus impacted by

A
  • persons age
  • time of day
  • nutrient levels
  • stress
  • exercise
53
Q

glycogenolysis

A
  • breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  • stimulated by GH, TH, cortisol, and glucagon
  • inhibited by insulin
  • releasing fuel
54
Q

gluconeogenesis

A
  • conversion of nutrients to glucose
  • stimulated
  • making a new glucose molecule
55
Q

glycogenesis

A
  • synthesis of glycogen
  • inhibited with glucagon, cortisol, TH, and GH
  • stimulated with insulin
  • storing fuel
56
Q

lipolysis

A
  • breakdown of triglycerides
  • stimulated
  • increased, releasing fuel
57
Q

lipogenesis

A
  • formation of triglycerides
  • inhibited with GH, cortisol, glucagon and TH
  • stimulated with insulin
58
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

inadequate GH production

59
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

over secretion of GH

60
Q

acromegaly

A

excessive GH production after epiphyseal plates have closed

61
Q

isthmus

A

midline between left and right lobes of the thyroid gland

62
Q

follicular cells

A

cuboidal epithelial cells that surround a central lumen, synthesize thyroglobulin (TGB); makes TH

63
Q

follicle lumen houses ___________

A

colloid

64
Q

colloid

A

a viscous, protein-rich fluid

65
Q

parafollicular cells

A

cells between follicles, make calcitonin

66
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone that decreases blood calcium levels

67
Q

hypothalamus releases _____ to the anterior pituitary that releases _______ to the follicular cells within the thyroid which releases _______

A

TRH/TSH/TH

68
Q

follicular cells release 2 forms of TH to the blood

A

T3 and T4 which are transported to the blood through carrier molecules

69
Q

process of release of T3 and T4

A

1- iodide ion uptake
2- iodine molecule formation and thyroglobulin synthesis
3- endocytosis
4- release of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin
5- release of T3 and T4 into the bloodstream

70
Q

effects of thyroid hormone

A
  • cellular transport brings TH into target cells, binds the receptor
  • TH increases metabolic rate and protein synthesis in targets
  • stimulates increased amino acid and glucose uptake
  • fosters energy (ATP) production
71
Q

calorigenic

A
  • generates heat
  • raises the temperature
  • it tells cells to use energy
72
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • results from excessive production of TH
  • increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance
  • caused by T4 ingestion, excessive stimulation by the pituitary, or loss of feedback control in the thyroid
73
Q

graves disease

A
  • too much TH
  • formation of autoantibodies that mimic TSH
  • autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors on follicular cells causing an abnormally high production of TH
74
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • results from decreased production of TH
  • low metabolic rate, lethargy, cold intolerance, weight gain
  • caused by decreased iodine intake, loss of pituitary stimulation of the thyroid, postsurgical, or immune system destruction of the thyroid
75
Q

goiter

A
  • enlargement of thyroid
  • typically due to insufficient dietary iodine
  • lack of dietary iodine preventing thyroid from producing thyroid hormone
76
Q

calcitonin

A
  • synthesized and released from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
  • stimulus for release is high blood calcium or stress from exercise and acts to decrease blood calcium levels by:
    1- inhibiting osteoclast activity
    2- stimulate kidneys to increase excretion of calcium in urine
77
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • forms inner core of each adrenal gland
  • releases epinephrine and norepinephrine with sympathetic stimulation
78
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • synthesizes corticosteroids
  • three regions producing different steroid hormones:
    1- zona glomerulosa
    2- zona fasciculata
    3- inner zona reticularis
79
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • thin, outer cortical layer
  • mineralocorticoids made here (aldosterone)
80
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones that regulate electrolyte levels

81
Q

aldosterone

A

fosters Na+ retention and K+ secretion; increases BP

82
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • larger, middle cortical layer
  • glucocorticoids made here (cortisol)
83
Q

glucocorticoids

A

hormones that regulate blood sugar

84
Q

cortisol

A

increases blood sugar (during stress) and decreases immune system (inflammation)

85
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • thin, inner cortical layer
  • gonadocorticoids made here (androgens)
86
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

sex hormones

87
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones made by adrenals and converted to estrogen in females

88
Q

effects of cortisol

A
  • liver cells increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decrease glycogenesis
  • adipose cells increase lipolysis and decrease lipogenesis
  • many body cells break down proteins to amino acids
  • most cells decrease their glucose uptake, sparing it for the brain
89
Q

cushing syndrome

A
  • chronic exposure to glucocorticoid hormones
  • obesity, hypertension, hirsutism, kidney stones, and menstrual irregularities
90
Q

addison disease

A
  • form of adrenal insufficiency
  • develops when adrenal glands fail
  • weight loss, fatigue and weakness, hypotension, and skin darkening
91
Q

hypothalamus releases _______ to the anterior pituitary which releases ________ to the zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex which releases _______

A

CRH/ACTH/cortisol

92
Q

three stages of stress response

A

1- alarm reaction
2- stage of resistance
3- stage of exhaustion

93
Q

alarm reaction

A

initial response involving the sympathetic nervous system activation, epinephrine and norepinephrine

94
Q

stage of resistance

A

after the depletion of glycogen stores, the adrenal secretes cortisol (glucocorticoid) to raise blood sugar and help meet energy demands, long-lasting

95
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

depletion of fat stores results in protein breakdown for energy, leading to the weakening of the body and illness

96
Q

pancreas has __________ and ___________ functions

A

endocrine and exocrine

97
Q

glucagon

A

increase glucose in the bloodstream

98
Q

the pancreas is made up of

A
  • acinar cells
  • pancreatic islets
99
Q

acinar cells

A
  • generate exocrine secretions for digestion
  • make up the vast majority of pancreas as saclike acini
100
Q

pancreatic islets

A
  • contain clusters of endocrine cells
  • alpha and beta cells
101
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon; increases BP

102
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin; decreases BP

103
Q

diabetes mellitus

A
  • inadequate uptake of glucose from blood
  • chronically elevated glucose, blood vessels damaged
104
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • absent or diminished release of insulin by pancreas
  • tends to occur in children and younger individuals
105
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • from decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
  • obesity major cause in development
  • tends to occur in older individuals, but can occur in young adults
106
Q

gestational diabetes

A

seen in some pregnant women

107
Q

hypoglycemia

A
  • glucose levels below abnormal
  • insulin overdose, prolonged exercise, alcohol use, liver or kidney dysfunction
  • deficiency of glucocorticoids or GH, genetics
108
Q

pineal gland

A
  • small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
  • secretes melatonin at night
  • regulates circadian rhythm and has effects on mood
109
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • small structures located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
  • contain chief (principle) and oxyphil cells
110
Q

chief (principal) cells

A

make PTH, which increases blood calcium and activates the calcitriol hormone

111
Q

thymus

A
  • epithelial cells secrete thymic hormones/thymosin
  • located anterior to the top of the heart
112
Q

endocrine tissue in heart atria secretes

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

113
Q

ADP

A
  • released when BP is really high
  • a hormone that decreases BP
114
Q

kidney endocrine cells release

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

115
Q

EPO

A
  • produce more red blood cells
  • secretion occurs in response to low blood oxygen
116
Q

liver secretions include IGF and the inactive hormone ________________

A

angiotensinogen

117
Q

angiotensinogen

A
  • helps to increase BP
  • converted to active angiotensin II by enzymes from the kidney bacteria
  • angiotensin II helps raise BP when it starts to fall
118
Q

stomach

A

secretes gastrin

119
Q

gastrin

A

increases secretion and motility in stomach for digestion

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (8 decks)

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