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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 18: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

continuously regenerated connective tissue

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2
Q

Blood is transported through what sytem?

A

cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood away from heart

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4
Q

Veins

A

transport blood toward heart

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

allow exchange between blood and body tissues

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6
Q

Formed elements

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
  • plasma
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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

transport respiratory gases in the blood

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

defend against pathogens

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9
Q

Platelets

A

help form clots to prevent blood loss

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10
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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11
Q

Functions of the blood

A
  • transportation
  • protection
  • regulation of body conditions
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12
Q

Regulation of body conditions

A
  • body temperature
  • body pH
  • fluid balance
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13
Q

Plasma is composed of what proteins

A
  • albumins (58%)
  • globulins (37%)
  • fibrinogen (4)
  • regulatory proteins (<1%)
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14
Q

Plasma is composed of

A
  • water (92%)
  • plasma proteins (7%)
  • dissolved molecules and ions (1%)
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15
Q

Plasma is an _____________ fluid

A

extracellular

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16
Q

Different types of leukocytes in the blood

A
  • neutrophils (most numerous)
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • basophils (least numerous)
  • eosinophils
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17
Q

Blood is a ________ solution

A

colloid

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18
Q

What is a colloid solution

A

a collection or mass of proteins in a solution

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19
Q

Water is attracted to

A

salts, sugars, and proteins

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20
Q

Plasma proteins exert ________________________

A

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

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21
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A
  • prevents loss of fluid from blood as it moves through capillaries
  • helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure
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22
Q

Serum

A

blood plasma without clotting proteins (fibrin)

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23
Q

albumins

A
  • exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure
  • act as transport proteins for some lipids, hormones, and ions
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24
Q

globulins

A
  • smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins
  • transport some water-insoluble molecules, hormones, metals, ions
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25
Q

gamma-globulins (antibodies)

A

part of the body’s defense and immobilize pathogens

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26
Q

fibrinogen

A
  • contributes to blood clot formation
  • following trauma, it is converted to insoluble fibrin strands
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27
Q

blood pH is slightly ___________

A

alkaline

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28
Q

hemacrit

A

percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood

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29
Q

buffy coat

A
  • makes up the middle layer
  • composed of leukocytes and platelets
  • forms 1% of the hemacrit
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30
Q

blood smear

A

all of the components of the formed elements can be viewed

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31
Q

regulatory proteins

A

includes enzymes and hormones

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32
Q

hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

the production of formed elements in the blood

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33
Q

blood is also considered a ___________

A

solution

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34
Q

blood as a solution

A
  • contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions
  • include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products
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34
Q

rouleaux

A

when red blood cells stack together in narrow spaces

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35
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • small, lack a nucleus and cellular organelles
  • packed with hemoglobin
  • biconcave disc structure
  • transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and organs
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36
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • red-pigmented protein
  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins, two alpha chains and two beta chains
  • each chain has a heme group
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37
Q

heme group

A

a porphyrin ring with an iron ion in its center

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38
Q

oxygen binds to ________ ion

A

iron

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39
Q

carbon dioxide binds to ________________ not iron

A

globin

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40
Q

hematopoiesis is formed in _____________________

A

red bone marrow

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41
Q

the stem cell that is used to make erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and some agranulocytes

A

hemocytoblast

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42
Q

erythropoiesis

A

the production of red blood cells

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43
Q

the process of erythropoiesis begins with a ______________ stem cell

A

myeloid

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44
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone produced primarily in the kidneys

45
Q

a myeloid stem cell that is under the influence of ______________ forms a progenitor cell

A

multi-CSF (colony-stimulus factor)

46
Q

an erythrocyte is made after the ________ is ejected from the cell

A

nucleus

47
Q

the process of thrombopoiesis begins with a _____________ stem cell

A

myeloid

48
Q

thrombopoietin forms a ______________

A

megakaryocyte

49
Q

from the megakaryocyte, proplatelets form and eventually become ___________

A

platelets

50
Q

the process of leukopoiesis can either form

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
51
Q

using a progenitor cell, leukopoiesis forms the granulocytes called ___________, ____________, and ____________ as well as ______________

A

eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil/ monocytes

52
Q

to produce agranulocytes in leukopoiesis, a _______________ stem cell must be used first

A

lymphoid

53
Q

from the lymphoid cell, what 3 agranulocytes are made?

A

1- b-lymphocyte
2- t-lymphocyte
3- natural cell killer

54
Q

granulocytes

A

have visible granules seen with a light microscope

55
Q

agranulocytes

A

have smaller granules that are not visible with light microscope

56
Q

maximum lifespan of an erythrocyte

A

120 days

57
Q

erythrocyte destruction

A
  • old erythrocytes phagocytized in spleen or liver by macrophages
  • broken down into their 3 components: globin, iron ion, ironless heme
  • the amino acid pieces from the ironless heme is converted to biliverdin
  • biliverdin is turned into bilirubin
  • bilirubin is released into the bloodstream and transported by albumin to the liver
  • bilirubin removed from blood by liver
  • bile stored in the gallbladder excreted into small intestines
  • bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in small intestine
  • it can either be converted to urobilin in the kidneys and excreted in the urine or converted to stercobilin in the large intestine and expelled in the feces
58
Q

biliverdin

A

green-pigment

59
Q

bilirubin

A

yellowish pigment in bile that helps handle fats in the digestive tract

60
Q

urobilinogen

A

made in the small intestines

61
Q

urobilin

A

a yellow-pigment that is excreted by the kidneys

62
Q

stercobilin

A

brown pigment that is expelled from the body in feces

63
Q

what happens to globin once it has been broken down from an erythrocyte

A

recycled and used for new proteins

64
Q

what happens to the iron ion once it has been removed from the heme

A

stored in the liver until it is needed for RBC production

65
Q

bile

A

helps handle fats and enhances fat digestion

66
Q

anemia

A

either the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal or the oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced

67
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

due to blood loss

68
Q

pernicious anemia

A

failure to absorb vitamin B12 due to dietary problem

69
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

genetic defect; abnormal hemoglobin

70
Q

surface antigens

A

projecting from the erythrocyte membrane

71
Q

type A blood

A
  • surface antigen A only
  • has anti-B antibodies in plasma
72
Q

type B blood

A
  • surface antigen B only
  • has anti-A antibodies in plasma
73
Q

type AB blood

A
  • surface antigens A and B
  • neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
74
Q

type O

A
  • have neither antigen
  • both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
75
Q

Rh positive

A
  • surface antigen D
  • no anti-D antibodies
76
Q

Rh negative

A
  • no surface antigen D
  • no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh-positive blood
77
Q

universal recipient blood type

A

AB+

78
Q

universal donor blood type

A

O-

79
Q

antigen

A

identification marker

80
Q

agglutination

A

the process of clumping erythrocytes when antibodies find antigens

81
Q

an adult human has __ L of blood

A

5

82
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A
  • Rh negative mom may be exposed to Rh+ blood during childbirth of Rh+ baby
  • mom now with anti-D antibodies
  • in future pregnancy, may cross placenta, destroy fetal RBCs
  • prevention; give pregnant Rh negative woman special immunoglobulins
83
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of erythrocytes

84
Q

leukocytes

A
  • defend against pathogens
  • contain nucleus and organelles, but not hemoglobin
  • motile, flexible, and large
  • most not in blood but in tissues
85
Q

diapedesis

A

process of squeezing through blood vessel wall

86
Q

chemotaxis

A

attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site

87
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most numerous leukocytes in blood
  • enter tissue spaces and phagocytize infectious pathogens
  • numbers rise dramatically in chronic bacterial infection
88
Q

eosinophils

A
  • 1-4% of leukocytes
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens or parasites
  • active in cases of parasitic worm infection
89
Q

basophils

A
  • they “sound the alarm”
    -mast cell
  • histamine and heparin release
90
Q

histamine release causes

A

increase in blood vessel diameter and capillary permeability (classic allergy symptoms)

91
Q

heparin release

A

inhibits blood clotting

92
Q

monocytes

A
  • 2-8% of blood leukocytes
  • take up residence in tissues
  • transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
  • phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
93
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • reside in lymphoid organs and structures
  • 20-40% of blood leukocytes
  • three categories:
    1- t-lymphocytes
    2- b-lymphocytes
    2- NK (natural killer cells)
94
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

manage immune response

95
Q

b-lymphocytes

A

become plasma cells and produce antibodies; “handcuffs”

96
Q

NK (natural killer cell)

A

attack abnormal and infected tissue cells

97
Q

leukopenia

A
  • reduced number of leukocytes
  • increases risk of infection
98
Q

leukocytosis

A
  • elevated leukocyte count
  • may be caused by recent infection or stress
99
Q

differential count

A
  • measures amount of each type of leukocyte and whether any are immature
  • useful for clinical diagnosis
100
Q

leukemia

A
  • cancerous-like growth of WBC
  • abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes
  • decrease in erythrocyte and megakaryocytic lines
  • results in anemia and bleeding
  • lowers BP and platelets
101
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  • no nucleus
  • break off of megakaryocytes in red marrow
  • important role in blood clotting
  • circulate for 8 to 10 days; then broken down and recycled
102
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

103
Q

embolism

A

a free-flowing blood clot

104
Q

3 overlapping phases of hemostasis

A

1- vascular spasm
2- platelet plug formation
3- coagulation phase

105
Q

vascular spasm

A
  • blood vessel constriction
  • first phase in response to blood vessel injury
  • limits blood leakage
  • greater vasoconstriction with greater vessel damage
106
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets arrive at the site of injury and adhere to exposed collagen fibers

107
Q

thrombocytopenia

A
  • low platelet count
  • impairs all phases of hemostasis
108
Q

coagulation phase

A
  • blood clotting
  • network of fibrin forms a mesh
  • fibrin comes from soluble precursor fibrinogen
  • mesh traps erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma proteins to form clot
109
Q

plasmin

A

helps dissolve the clot after the cells have been repaired

110
Q

if blood loss is greater than 10%

A
  • SNS increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, force of heart contraction
  • blood redistributed to the heart and brain
  • effective in maintaining blood pressure until 40% of blood loss

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (10 decks)

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