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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 23: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange: O2 and CO2

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli

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3
Q

pulmonary/alveolar gas exchange

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
- occurs at the respiratory membrane

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4
Q

gas transport

A

transport of gases in blood between lungs and systematic cells; handling of the gases in the bloodstream

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5
Q

tissue gas exchange

A

exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systematic cells

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6
Q

muscles of quiet breathing (eupnea)

A

increase dimensions of the thoracic cavity
- diaphragm

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7
Q

muscles of forced inspiration (hyperpnea)

A

pull upward and outward
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes
- erector spinae

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8
Q

muscles of forced expiration

A

pull downward and inward
- external oblique

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9
Q

inspiration

A

inhale

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10
Q

expiration

A

exhale

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11
Q

when the diaphragm contracts

A

it flattens and drops the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

when the diaphragm relaxes

A

it goes back to its concave shape

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13
Q

Boyle’s gas law: relationship of volume and pressure

A

inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume

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14
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A
  • the net movement of O2 from the atmosphere to alveoli during inspiration
  • net movement of CO2 from alveoli to atmosphere during expiration
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15
Q

pulmonary/alveolar gas exchange

A
  • O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood
  • CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli
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16
Q

gas transport

A
  • O2 is transported from the lungs to systematic cells
  • CO2 is transported from systematic cells to lungs
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17
Q

tissue gas exchange

A
  • O2 diffuses from blood into systematic cells
  • CO2 diffuses from systematic cells into blood
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18
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

the pressure of the fluid around your lungs

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19
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

the air pressure inside the lungs
- lungs experience an outward pull

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20
Q

atmospheric air pressure

A

air pressure outside the body
- usually around 760 mmHg

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21
Q

medullary respiratory center

A
  • controls contraction of the diaphragm via phrenic nerve
  • controls contraction of external intercostals via intercostal nerves
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22
Q

pontine respiratory center

A
  • modifies the activity of the nuclei in the medulla
  • provides a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration
  • erratic breathing results if area is damaged
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23
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

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24
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

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25
Q

eupnea

A

quiet breathing = 12-15 breaths/min

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26
Q

reflexes respond to sensory input from receptors:

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • proprioceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • irritant receptors
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27
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor changes in concentrations of H+, PCO2, and PO2

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28
Q

chemoreceptors are located in

A

CSF, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies

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29
Q

chemoreceptors stimulate

A

medullary respiratory center

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30
Q

reflexes that alter breathing rate and depth

A

action of higher brain centers
- hypothalamus increases breathing rate if body is warm
- limbic system alters breathing rate in response to emotions
- The frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns

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31
Q

airflow

A

amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath

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32
Q

F=△P/R

A

F= flow
△P= difference in pressure between the atmosphere and intrapulmonary pressure
R= resistance

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33
Q

airflow depends on

A
  • the pressure gradient established established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure
  • the resistance that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall
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34
Q

baroreceptors are located

A

within visceral pleura and bronchiole smooth muscle

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35
Q

baroreceptors are stimulated by

A

stretch

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36
Q

baroreceptors initiate

A

the inhalation reflex

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37
Q

proprioceptors are located

A

within joints and muscles

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38
Q

proprioceptors stimulated

A

by body movement

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39
Q

pressure gradient

A

difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

40
Q

resistance

A

factors that increase difficulty moving air

41
Q

resistance may be altered by three things

A

1) change in the elasticity of chest walls and lungs
2) change in bronchiole diameter
3) collapse of alveoli

42
Q

surfactant

A

keep alveoli open

43
Q

surfactant breaks

A

water tension

44
Q

air flow is directly related to __________________ and inversely related to ____________

A

pressure gradient/resistance

45
Q

compliance

A
  • ease with which lungs and chest wall expand
  • the easier the lungs expands, the greater the compliance
46
Q

more forceful inspirations of respiratory disorders require high

A

amounts of energy

47
Q

minute ventilation/pulmonary ventilation (PV)

A

air moved b/w atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute

48
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air/breath

49
Q

respiration rate (RR)

A

of breaths/minute

50
Q

formula for pulmonary ventilation

A

TVxRR=PV

51
Q

average amount of air that is handled by your lungs every time you breath in and out

A

500 mL

52
Q

average breaths per minute

A

12 breaths/min

53
Q

anatomic dead space

A

air remaining in conducting zone which has no contact with alveoli for gas exchange

54
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

actual air exposed to alveoli
- less than PV

55
Q

formula to find AV

A

(TV - anatomic dead space) x RR = AV
(500mL - 150mL) x 12 = 4.2 L/min

56
Q

spirometer

A

measures respiratory volume

57
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing

58
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume
- measure of compliance

59
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
- measure of elasticity

60
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

61
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a forced inspiration

62
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by EACH gas within a mixture of gases (measured in mm Hg)
- written P with gas symbol (i.e., PCO2)

63
Q

Dalton’s law says,

A

each gas moves independently down its own partial pressure gradient during gas exchange

64
Q

Atm pressure =

A

760 mm Hg (sea level)

65
Q

Dalton’s law

A

the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures

66
Q

at the resp. membrane

A
  • O2 goes from alveolus to blood
  • Co2 goes from blood to alveolus
67
Q

at systemic cells/tissues of the body

A
  • O2 goes from the blood to the systematic tissues
  • CO2 goes from the tissues to the blood
68
Q

Henry’s law

A

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon:
- partial pressure of the gas in the air
- solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid

69
Q

Henry’s partial pressure

A

driving force moving gas into liquid

70
Q

solubility coefficient

A

volume of gas that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given temperature and pressure

71
Q

gases vary in their solubility in water

A
  • CO2 about 24 times as soluble as O2
  • N2 about half as soluble as oxygen
72
Q

least to most soluble gases

A
  • N2
  • O2
  • CO2
73
Q

decompression sickness

A

diver submerges in water beyond a certain depth, returns quickly to the surface
- N2 forced into blood due to the higher pressure (deep ocean)

74
Q

fast ascent… dissolved N2 bubbles

A

pop out of solution while still in blood and tissues

75
Q

decompression sickness is treated with

A

hyperbaric O2 chamber

76
Q

anatomical features of membrane contributing to efficiency

A
  • large surface area (70 square meters)
  • minimal thickness (0.5 micrometers)
77
Q

blood’s transport of O2 depends on

A
  • solubility coefficient of O2
  • the iron of hemoglobin attaches to hemoglobin
78
Q

about ___% of O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin

A

98

79
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

with bound oxygen

80
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

without bound oxygen

81
Q

CO2 has 3 means of transport in the blood:

A

1- CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)
2- CO2 directly attached to Hb (23%)
3- converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-), dissolved in blood plasma (70%)

82
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate (working form of carbon dioxide)

83
Q

conversion of CO2 to HCO3- at systematic capillaries

A

1- CO2 movement into erythrocyte
2- formation of HCO3- and H+
3- HCO3- leaves the erythrocyte while Cl- goes into the erythrocyte (chloride shift)

84
Q

formation of HCO3- and H+

A
  • CO2 is joined to H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) by carbonic anhydrase
  • H2CO3 splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
85
Q

conversion of HCO3- to CO2 at pulmonary capillaries

A

1- chloride movement as Cl- moves out
2- formation of CO2 and H2O
3- CO2 movement out of the erythrocyte into an alveolus

86
Q

formation of CO2 and H2O

A
  • HCO3- recombines with H+ to form H2CO3
  • H2CO3 dissociates into CO2 and H2O
87
Q

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

A
  • saturation increases as PO2 increases
  • graphed in the oxygen-hemoglobin curve
88
Q

you get the right shift of the hemoglobin saturation curve when you

A

drop the pH

89
Q

when your body becomes acidic, hemoglobin releases

A

oxygen

90
Q

you get a right shift of the hemoglobin saturation curve when the body is

A

warm

91
Q

a right shift occurs when hemoglobin is

A

releasing oxygen

92
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing rate or depth above the body’s demand

93
Q

hypoventilation

A

breathing too slow (bradypnea) or too shallow (hypopnea)

94
Q

hyperventilation causes _____________ which can result in ______________________

A

hypocapnia/ respiratory alkalosis

95
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

pH will start to get really high in the blood stream

96
Q

hypoventilation causes ___________ which can result in ____________________

A

hypercapnia/ respiratory acidosis

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (10 decks)

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