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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 22: Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes include 3 types of granulocytes:

A

1- neutrophil
2- basophil
3- eosinophil

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2
Q

leukocytes include 2 types of agranulocytes:

A

1- monocyte
2- lymphocyte

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3
Q

monocytes

A

become macrophages when they leave blood and enter tissues

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4
Q

lymphocytes consist of

A

1- B-lymphocytes
2- T-lymphocytes
3- Natural Killer Cells

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5
Q

most leukocytes are in ___________ ___________

A

body tissues

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6
Q

secondary lymphoid structures

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
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7
Q

connective tissue houses ________ cells

A

mast

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8
Q

secondary lymphoid structures house ______________, _______________, ______________, ______________, and ____________________

A
  • B-lymphocytes
  • T-lymphocytes
  • NK cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
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9
Q

select organs house ______________

A

macrophages

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10
Q

skin and mucosal membranes house _________________

A

dendritic cells

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11
Q

connective tissue throughout the body house _______________

A

mast cells

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12
Q

IL

A

interleukin

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13
Q

Indigenous microbiota

A

friendly bacteria

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14
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that regulate immune activity

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15
Q

effects of cytokines

A
  • signaling cells
  • controlling development and behavior of immune cells
  • regulating inflammatory response
  • destroying cells
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16
Q

two categories of the immune system

A

1- innate immunity
2- adaptive immunity

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17
Q

innate immunity

A
  • present at birth
  • nonspecific
  • protects against a variety of different substances
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18
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • acquired/specific immunity
  • response to antigen involves specific B and T-lymphocytes
  • takes several days to be effective
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19
Q

1st line of defense

A

includes barriers of skin and mucosal membrane (prevent entry); innate immunity

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20
Q

2nd line of defense

A

nonspecific cellular and molecular internal defense; innate immunity

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21
Q

3rd line of defense

A

specific T- and B-lymphocytes; adaptive immunity

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22
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body openings

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23
Q

mucous membranes produce _______ and release ________________ ______________

A

mucus/ antimicrobial substances

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24
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most prevalent leukocyte in blood
  • first to arrive during the inflammatory response
  • phagocytic
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25
Q

macrophages

A
  • reside in tissues throughout the body
  • arrive later and stay longer than neutrophils
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26
Q

dendritic cells

A

destroy particles and then present fragments

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27
Q

___________ are presented on dendritic cell surface to T-lymphocytes

A

antigens

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28
Q

heparin is a

A

coagulant

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29
Q

basophils and mast cells promote ______________

A

inflammation

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30
Q

basophils ___________ in the __________ while mast cells reside in _______________ ________, _________, and ____________ _________

A

circulate in the blood/ connective tissue, mucosa, internal organs

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31
Q

basophils and mast cells release ____________ containing chemicals

A

granules

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32
Q

basophils and mast cells attract __________ cells

A

immune

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33
Q

histamine

A

increases vasodilation and capillary permeability

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34
Q

basophils and mast cells attract chemotaxis chemical such as ___________ and ____________

A

histamine and heparin

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35
Q

NK (natural killer) cells

A

destroy unhealthy/unwanted cells by releasing cytotoxic chemicals

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36
Q

NK cells accumulate in ____________ ___________ __________

A

secondary lymphoid structures

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37
Q

cytotoxic chemicals released by NK cells

A

perforin and granzymes

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38
Q

perforin

A

creates a transmembrane pore in an unwanted cell

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39
Q

granzymes

A

enter pore and cause apoptosis of cell

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40
Q

interferons (IFN)

A

a class of cytokines that nonspecifically interferes with spread of intracellular pathogens

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41
Q

interferons bind to ______________ cells and prevent their infection

A

neighboring

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42
Q

interferons interfere with

A

viral replication

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43
Q

interferons stimulate _____________ and _______________ to destroy virus-infected cells

A

NK cells and macrophages

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44
Q

complement system

A

group of over 30 plasma proteins

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45
Q

effects of activated complement

A
  • inflammation
  • opsonization
  • cytolysis
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46
Q

inflammation

A

enhanced by a complement
- activates mast cells and basophils
- attracts neutrophils and macrophages

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47
Q

opsonization

A

complement protein (opsonin) binds to pathogen
- enhances the likelihood of phagocytosis of pathogenic cell

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48
Q

cytolysis

A

complement triggers splitting of target cell
- complement proteins form a membrane attack complex (MAC) that creates a channel in the target cell’s membrane
- fluid enters causing cell lysis

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49
Q

chemotaxis

A

attracted to wound/inflammation

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50
Q

diapedesis

A

makes opening in blood vessel

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51
Q

inflammation

A

an immediate response to ward off unwanted substances
- local, nonspecific response of vascularized tissue to injury, infection

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52
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of function
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53
Q

fever (pyrexia)

A

abnormal body temperature elevation

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54
Q

a fever is considered

A

1℃ or more from normal 37℃

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55
Q

fever results from

A

release of pyrogens (interferons)

56
Q

benefits of fever

A
  • inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
  • promotes interferon activity
  • increases activity of adaptive immunity
  • accelerates tissue repair
57
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

58
Q

pus is

A

exudate

59
Q

pus contains

A
  • destroyed pathogens
  • dead leukocytes
  • macrophages
  • cellular debris
60
Q

If pus isn’t completely cleared, it may form an

A

abscess

61
Q

adaptive immunity is the ____ line of defense

A

3rd

62
Q

adaptive immunity involves

A

specific lymphocyte responses to an antigen

63
Q

immune response consists of

A

lymphocytes and their products

64
Q

two branches of adaptive immunity

A

1- cell-mediated immunity
2- antibody-mediated/humoral immunity

65
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

involving T-lymphocytes; antigens within cells

66
Q

antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)

A

involving B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies; antigens outside of cells

67
Q

adaptive immunity is a ________________ ______________ to a pathogen

A

customized response

68
Q

antigen

A

substance that binds a T-lymphocyte or antibody

69
Q

antigen is usually a

A

protein or a large polysaccharide

70
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

make direct contact with antigen

71
Q

T-lymphocytes

A
  • managers
  • must have antigen processed
72
Q

antigens are _______ _____

A

name tags

73
Q

cytokine

A

chemical messenger that is released by immune system cells

74
Q

plasma cells

A

activated B-cells
- produce antibodies

75
Q

helper T-cells

A

captains/managers

76
Q

CD4 is found on

A

T-helper cells

77
Q

CD8 is found on

A

cytotoxic T-cell

78
Q

T-lymphocyte subtypes

A
  • helper T-lymphocytes
  • cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
79
Q

helper T-lymphocytes (Th)

A

help activate B-lymphocytes and other immune cells
- contain the CD4+ in plasma membrane
- investigates MHC II antigens

80
Q

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc)

A

release chemicals toxic to cells
- contain CD8 in the plasma membrane
- investigates MHC I antigens

81
Q

TCR

A

T-Cell Receptor
- “hitch”

82
Q

BCR

A

B-Cell Receptor
- how the B-cell gets its leads

83
Q

IgD

A

helps find antigens or things to investigate

84
Q

MHC I

A

found on ALL nucleated cells

85
Q

MHC II

A

are found on APCs only; safe antigen holder

86
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

cells display antigen on plasma membrane so T-cells can recognize it

87
Q

2 categories of cell present antigens

A

1- all nucleated cells present antigens
2- antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

88
Q

antigen-presenting cells (ACPs)

A

immune cells that present to BOTH helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
- include:
- dendritic cells
- macrophages
- B-lymphocytes

89
Q

antigen presentation requires attachment of antigen to ___________

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

90
Q

MHC

A

a group of transmembrane proteins; antigen holder

91
Q

formation of lymphocytes occurs in

A

primary lymphoid structures (red bone marrow and thymus)

92
Q

activation of lymphocytes in

A

secondary lymphoid structures they are exposed to antigen and become activated
- replicate to form identical lymphocytes

93
Q

T-lymphocytes migrate to

A

site of infection

94
Q

B-lymphocytes stay in

A

secondary lymphoid structure as plasma cells

95
Q

T-lymphocytes originate in

A

red bone marrow

96
Q

SCID

A

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

97
Q

formation of T-lymphocytes

A
  • originate in red bone marrow
  • migrate to thymus as pre-T-lymphocytes to complete maturation
  • initially have both CD4 and CD8 proteins
  • possess unique TCR produced randomly
  • each cell has its TCR “tested” through a process of selection
98
Q

effector response

A

action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen

99
Q

effector responses of T and B-lymphocytes

A
  • T-lymphocytes: migrate to site of infection
  • B-lymphocytes: stay in secondary lymphoid structure
100
Q

first signal of the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

A
  • direct contact between TCR of cytotoxic T-cell and peptide fragment with MCH I molecule
  • interaction stabilized by CD8 of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
101
Q

second signal of the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

A
  • other receptors of APC and T-cell interact
  • IL-2 released from HELPER T-cells binds to and stimulates cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
102
Q

activated cytotoxic T-cells proliferate and differentiate

A
  • some become activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
  • others become memory cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
103
Q

B-lymphocytes need to be _______________, but can respond to antigens ___________ of cells

A

activated/outside

104
Q

first signal of activation of helper T-lymphocyte

A

direct contact with MHC molecule of APC

105
Q

the process of the first signal of activation of helper T-lymphocyte

A

CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APC; TCR interacts with antigen within MHC class II molecule

106
Q

second signal of the activation of helper T-lymphocyte

A

other receptors of APC and T-cell interact

107
Q

helper T-cells proliferate, forming clones of helper T-cells

A
  • some cells become activated helper T-lymphocytes, that produce IL-2
  • some cells become memory-helper T-lymphocytes, available for future encounters
108
Q

first signal of the B-lymphocyte activation

A

free antigen binds to BCR; B-lymphocyte engulfs and presents antigen to activated helper T-lymphocyte

109
Q

second signal of the B-lymphocyte activation

A

IL-4 released from activated helper-T-lymphocyte stimulates B-lymphocyte

110
Q

activated B-lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of _________________ and ________________

A

plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes

111
Q

MHC class II

A

safe antigen holder

112
Q

IgD

A

antibodies are the receptors on a B-cell

113
Q

proliferates

A

makes a copy

114
Q

antibody structure

A

antigen-binding site is a variable site meaning its customizable

115
Q

neutralization

A

smother the pathogen with antibodies

116
Q

agglutination

A

making big clumps of bad guys

117
Q

precipitation

A

drag down the bad guy making it heavier so it can’t easily move around

118
Q

five major classes of immunoglobulins

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
119
Q

IgA

A
  • saliva, tears, breastmilk (body secretions)
  • protects respiratory and GI tract
120
Q

IgD

A

antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor (BCR)

121
Q

IgE

A
  • parasites and allergic reactions
  • attracts eosinophils
122
Q

IgG

A
  • 75-85% of antibodies in blood
  • can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease in newborns (HDN)
123
Q

IgM

A
  • found mostly in blood
  • large, pentameter structure
  • most effective at agglutination
  • responsible for rejection of mismatched transfusions
124
Q

primary response

A

antibody production for first exposure

125
Q

secondary response

A

future exposure to a known pathogen

126
Q

antibody titer

A

the amount of antibodies in your blood stream

127
Q

active immunity

A

production of memory cells due to contact with antigen
-work, but good for future

128
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

direct exposure to antigen following entry of the pathogen into the body naturally; get sick

129
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

antigen exposure from vaccine

130
Q

passive immunity

A

no production of memory cells; antibodies from another person or an animal; obtained from another individual

131
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

transfer is mother to child across the placenta or in breast milk

132
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

transfer of serum containing antibodies from another person or animal

133
Q

acute hypersensitivity (allergy)

A

exaggerated response of immune system to a noninfectious substance, or allergen

134
Q

allergen examples

A

pollen, latex, peanuts

135
Q

allergic asthma

A

labored breathing and coughing

136
Q

hives

A

red welts and itchy skin

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (10 decks)

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