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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 19: Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

myocardium is composed of __________________ tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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2
Q

cardiac muscle cells are ________, _____________, and ____________

A

short, branched and striated

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3
Q

cardiac muscle cells house how many nuclei?

A

one or two

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4
Q

cardiac muscle cells are supported by _____________________ tissue called _______________

A

areolar connective tissue called endomysium

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5
Q

sarcolemma

A
  • plasma membrane
  • invaginates to form t-tubules extending into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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6
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • contains calcium
  • surrounds bundles of myofilaments
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7
Q

the sarcolemma folded at connections between cells do what?

A
  • increase structural stability
  • facilitates communication between cells
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8
Q

cells are connected with __________________

A

intercalated discs

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9
Q

desmosomes

A
  • join cells with protein filaments
  • transfer of electrolytes b/w of the cells
  • for structural integrity
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10
Q

gap junctions

A

electrically join cells and allow ion flow to make each heart chamber a functional unit

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11
Q

action potential is the rapid release of _____ and rapid absorption of _____

A

K+/Na+

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12
Q

ATP in cardiac muscle is used to/for:

A
  • activate myosin
  • calcium pumps require ATP
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13
Q

metabolism of cardiac muscle has a

A

high demand for energy

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14
Q

cardiac muscle has a high demand for energy because

A
  • extensive blood supply
  • numerous mitocondria
  • myoglobin and creatine kinase

i know this doesn’t make sense but i hqd to fit it into a card somehow

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15
Q

cardiac muscle is able to use different types of which fuel molecules

A
  • fatty acids
  • glucose
  • lactic acid
  • amino acids
  • ketone bodies
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16
Q

cardiac muscle mostly relies on ______________ metabolism

A

aerobic

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17
Q

because cardiac muscle relies mostly on aerobic metabolism,

A

it makes it susceptible to failure when ischemic

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18
Q

ischemic

A

oxygen is low

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19
Q

the heart rest between how many beats

A

2

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20
Q

how much of the PNS is made up of the vagus nerve

A

75%

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21
Q

perfusion

A

the delivery of blood per unit time of gram per tissue

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22
Q

venae cavae

A

drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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23
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

receives deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle

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24
Q

pulmonary veins

A

drain oxygenated blood into left atrium

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25
Q

right atrioventricular (AV) valve

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle, also known as the tricuspid valve

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26
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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27
Q

left atrioventricular (AV) valve

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle; also known as bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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28
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta

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29
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

includes the movement of blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange

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30
Q

systematic circulation

A

includes the movement of blood to and from the systematic cells/the body

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31
Q

epicardium

A

outermost heart layer and is also called the visceral pericardium; composed of simple squamous epithelium

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32
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer of the heart wall and composed of cardiac muscle

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33
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of the heart wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium and underlying areolar connective tissue

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34
Q

conduction system

A

initiates and propagates an action potential

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35
Q

the conduction system contains specialized

A

cardiac muscle cells that have action potentials but do not contract

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36
Q

conduction systems activity is influenced by

A

the autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

located high in the posterior wall of the right atrium

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38
Q

the sinoatrial node is the ______________ of the heart

A

pacemaker

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39
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

located on the floor of the right atrium

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40
Q

the atrioventricular node is the __________________ of the heart

A

backup pacemaker

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41
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A
  • extends from AV node through interventricular septum
  • divides into left and right bundles
  • also known as bundle of His
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42
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • extend from left and right bundles at heart’s apex
  • course through walls of ventricles
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43
Q

white meat/muscles

A

fast twitch

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44
Q

red meat/muscles

A

slow twitch

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45
Q

the nerves of the heart are made of

A

modified muscle cells

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46
Q

the nerves of the heart are ___________________

A

self-polarizing

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47
Q

cardiac center of the medulla oblongata contains __________________ and ____________________ centers

A

cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers

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48
Q

the cardiac center receives signals from ________________ and _________________ in the cardiovascular system

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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49
Q

the cardiovascular system sends signals via the __________________ and ____________________ pathways

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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50
Q

parasympathetic innervation

A

decreases heart rate; “rest and digest”

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51
Q

the parasympathetic innervation starts

A

at medulla’s cardioinhibitory center; vagal tone

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52
Q

sympathetic innervation

A

increases heart rate and force of contraction; “fight or flight”

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53
Q

the sympathetic innervation starts

A

at the medulla’s cardioacceleratory center

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54
Q

cardiac muscle cells

A

initiate action potentials and contract

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55
Q

SA nodal cells

A

initiate heartbeat

56
Q

RMP for the SA nodal cells

A

-60mV

57
Q

pacemaker potential

A

ability to reach the threshold without stimulation

58
Q

vagal tone

A

parasympathetic activity relayed by the vagus nerve
- keeps heart rate slower

59
Q

the process of the conduction system of the heart

A

1- SA node conducts AP
2- AP is distributed through atria, reaches AV node, both atria contract
3- AP is delayed at the AV node, delay allows ventricles to fill
4- AP travels through AV bundle to bundle branches to purkinje fibers
5- AP spreads through ventricles, cells of two ventricles contract almost simultaneously

60
Q

wave summation

A

twitches that overlap

61
Q

tetany

A

sustained contraction

62
Q

cardiac muscle cells have a RMP of

A

-90mV (very polarized)

63
Q

cardiac muscle cells contain 3 specific voltage-gated channels

A

1- voltage-gated Na+ channels
2- voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3- voltage-gated K+ channels

64
Q

depolarization

A

the change from a relatively negative membrane potential to a relatively positive membrane potential

65
Q

what happens during depolarization

A
  • impulse opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
  • Na+ enters the cell, changing membrane potential from -90mV to 30+ mV
  • voltage-gated Na+ channels start to inactivate
66
Q

plateau

A

leveling off

67
Q

what happens during the plateau

A
  • depolarization opens voltage-gated K+ and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  • K+ leaves cardiac muscle cell as Ca2+ enters
  • stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release more Ca2+
  • membrane remains depolarized
68
Q

repolarization

A

allows a cardiac muscle to propagate a new action potential when the cardiac muscle is simulated again

69
Q

what happens during repolarization

A
  • voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close while K+ channels remain open
  • membrane potential goes back to -90mV
70
Q

Ca+ makes ATP ___________

A

last longer

71
Q

cardiac ATP is longer because of

A

the plateau phase

72
Q

can cardiac muscle exhibit tetany?

A

no

73
Q

unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac cells have a long _______________

A

refractory period

74
Q

cardiac muscle cells plateau phase leads to a refractory period of about ________

A

250 ms

75
Q

cell cannot fire a new impulse during

A

the refractory period

76
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

skin electrodes detect electrical signals of cardiac muscle cells

77
Q

P wave

A

reflects electrical charges associated with atrial depolarization originating in SA node; atria are starting their AP

78
Q

QRS complex

A
  • electrical changes associated with ventricular depolarization
  • atria also simultaneously repolarizing
79
Q

T wave

A

electrical change associated with ventricular repolarization; end of activity in ventricles

80
Q

P-Q segment

A

associated with atrial cells’ plateau
- ATRIA ARE CONTRACTING

81
Q

S-T segment

A

associated with ventricular plateau
- VENTRICLES ARE CONTRACTING

82
Q

plateau phases

A

P-Q segment and S-T segment

83
Q

atrial depolarization

A
  • recorded as the P wave
  • muscle cells of atria stimulated to contract
84
Q

atrial plateau

A
  • recorded as PQ segment
  • muscle cells of atria contract and relax
85
Q

atrial repolarization

A

not visible on ECG

86
Q

ventricular depolarization

A
  • recorded as the QRS wave
  • muscle cells of ventricles stimulated to contract
87
Q

ventricular plateau

A
  • recorded as ST segment
  • muscle cells of ventricles contract and relax
88
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

recorded as T wave

89
Q

arrhythmia

A

any abnormality in the heart’s electrical activity

90
Q

heart blocks

A

impaired conduction

91
Q

AP conduction

A

problem in the conducting system

92
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events in heart from the start of one heart beat to the start of the next

93
Q

systole

A

contraction

94
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

95
Q

blood moves ________ its pressure gradient

A

down (high to low)

96
Q

EDV (end-diastolic volume)

A
  • volume of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole
  • blood volume to be “squeezed”
97
Q

SV (stroke volume)

A

the amount of blood pushed out during ventricular contraction

98
Q

ESV (end-systolic volume)

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole

99
Q

atrial contraction and active ventricular filling

A

1 - SA node starts atrial contraction
2 - atria contract, pushing remaining blood into ventricles
3 - semilunar valves are closed
4 - ventricles filled to EDV

100
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

1- early systole
2- ventricles contract
3- pressure rises
4- AV valves are pushed closed
5- semilunar valves still closed

101
Q

ventricular ejection

A

1- late systole
2- semilunar valves forced open as blood moves from ventricles to arterial trunks

102
Q

how to find stroke volume

A

SV(mL)=EDV-ESV

103
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

1- early diastole
2- ventricles relax and start to expand, lowering pressure
3- blood closes semilunar valves
4- AV valves remain closed

104
Q

the diastolic pressure in a BP reading is the pressure the

A

left ventricle has to overcome to open semilunar valves

105
Q

atrial relaxation and passive ventricular filling

A

1- late diastole
2- all heart chambers are relaxed
3- AV valves open and blood flows into ventricles passively
4- semilunar valves remain closed

106
Q

ventricular balance

A

1- equal amounts of blood are pumped by left and right sides of the heart

107
Q

edema

A

swelling of fluid around the heart

108
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute

109
Q

cardiac output is measured in

A

liters per minute

110
Q

cardiac output is determined by ________________ and _______________

A

heart rate and stroke volume

111
Q

equation for CO

A

HR x SV= CO

112
Q

CO must

A

meet tissue needs

113
Q

cardiac reserve

A

the potential of what your heart can do

114
Q

chronotropic agents

A

change heart rate by altering the activity of nodal cells

115
Q

positive chronotropic agents

A

increase heart rate

116
Q

sympathetic innervation of SA nodal cells (positive chronotropic agents)

A
  • causes adrenal to release NE and epinephrine
  • NE and EPI bind to nodal cells and increase their firing rate
  • G-protein is activated and forms a second messenger
  • activates kinase and Ca2+ channels to open
117
Q

what factors can increase heart rate at different steps within the sympathetic innervation of SA nodal cells

A
  • TH
  • nicotine
  • cocaine
  • caffeine
118
Q

negative chronotropic agents

A

decrease heart rate

119
Q

parasympathetic innervation of SA nodal cells (negative chronotropic agents)

A
  • PS axons release acetylcholine
  • ACh opens K+ channels and K+ exits the cell making it more negative
120
Q

beta-blocker drugs

A

used to treat high BP

121
Q

autonomic reflexes

A
  • baroreceptors and chemoreceptors send signals to the cardiac center
  • cardiac center influences SNS and PNS to alter output as needed
122
Q

atrial reflex

A

protects the heart from overfilling

123
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returned to the heart

124
Q

inotropic agents

A

change stroke volume and alter contractility

125
Q

positive inotropic agents

A

increases contractility by increasing available Ca2+

126
Q

negative inotropic agents

A

decreases contractility by decreasing available Ca2+

127
Q

afterload

A

resistance in arteries to ejection of blood by ventricles

128
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque in vessel linings

129
Q

heart rate depends on

A

chronotropic agents

130
Q

stroke volume generally depends on

A

state of myocardium

131
Q

increased afterload _____________ stroke volume

A

decreases

132
Q

does the size of the heart affect SV?

A

yes

133
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

134
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

135
Q

ectopic pacemaker

A

group of cardiac muscle cells that have the ability to spontaneously depolarize and act as the pacemaker

136
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

chaotic timing of atrial action potentials

137
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

chaotic electrical activity in ventricles

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (10 decks)

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