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Anatomy and Physiology 211 > Chapter 20: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion

A

substances leave or enter blood according to their concentration gradient (high to low concentration)

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2
Q

What diffuses from blood to interstitial fluid/in?

A

oxygen, hormones, and nutrients

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3
Q

what diffuses from tissue to blood/out?

A

carbon dioxide and wastes

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4
Q

the route diffusion takes depends on particle _______

A

size

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5
Q

vesicular transport

A

form fluid-filled vesicles at the plasma membrane and transport substances across the cell

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6
Q

endothelial cells use _____________ and ________________

A

pinocytosis and exocytosis

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7
Q

bulk flow

A

fluids flow down the pressure gradient

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8
Q

during bulk flow, large amounts of ________ and ____________ ________________ move

A

fluids and dissolved substances move

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9
Q

bulk flow’s movement direction depends on

A

net pressure of opposing forces

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10
Q

filtration

A

fluid moves out of the blood

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11
Q

what is blocked during filtration

A

large solutes

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12
Q

where does filtration occur

A

on arterial end of capillary

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13
Q

reabsorption

A

fluid moves back into the blood

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14
Q

where does reabsorption occur

A

on venous end of capillary

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15
Q

hydrostatic pressure (HP)

A

force exerted by a fluid

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16
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure (HPb)

A
  • also called blood pressure
  • force exerted per unit area by blood on vessel wall
  • promotes filtration from capillary
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17
Q

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif)

A
  • force of IF on outside of blood vessel
  • close to zero in most tissues
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18
Q

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

the “pull” on water due to the presence of proteins (colloid)

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19
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A
  • pulling pressure
  • promotes reabsorption
  • draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins (albumins)
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20
Q

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A
  • draws fluid into IF
  • few proteins present in IF, meaning it is relatively low
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21
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure

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22
Q

NFP changes along

A

length of a capillary

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23
Q

NFP is ___________ at the arterial end than at the venous end

A

higher

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24
Q

equation to find NFP

A

NFP= (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif)

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25
Q

lymphatic vessels look like

A

weak little veins

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26
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • picks up excess fluid not reabsorbed at the venous capillary end
  • filters fluid and returns it to venous circulation
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27
Q

process of “washing” blood vessels

A

blood plasma-> interstitial fluid -> lymph -> blood plasma again

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28
Q

local blood flow ___________ and not all capillaries are ____________ ____________

A

varies/ are filled simultaneously

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29
Q

blood flow must be

A

high enough to maintain adequate perfusion

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30
Q

local blood flow is dependent on

A
  • degree of tissue vascularity
  • myogenic response
  • local regulatory factors altering blood flow
  • total blood flow
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31
Q

degree of vascularization

A

the extent of vessels in a tissue

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32
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of new vessels
- occurs over weeks to months to increase potential perfusion

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33
Q

regression

A

break down of unneeded blood vessels
- return to previous state of blood vessels

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34
Q

tumor angiogenesis

A

cancer cells require oxygen and nutrients and trigger growth of new vessels as tumor grows

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35
Q

myogenic response

A

smooth muscle in blood vessel wall keeps blood flow relatively constant

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36
Q

blood flow is regulated

A

locally

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37
Q

based on need:

A
  • changes when metabolic activity changes
  • tissue is damaged
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38
Q

vasoactive chemicals

A

alter blood flow

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39
Q

vasodilators

A

dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters

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40
Q

vasodilators increase

A

flow into capillaries

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41
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

constrict arterioles and cause contraction of precapillary sphincters

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42
Q

autoregulation

A

the process by which a tissue regulates or controls its local blood flow as a response to its changing metabolic needs

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43
Q

when tissue activity increases, ________________ signals inadequate perfusion and act as ________________

A

varied stimuli/ vasodilators

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44
Q

when tissue activity increases ____________________ decline

A

oxygen and nutrient levels

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45
Q

when tissue activity increases __________, __________, _____, and ____, increase

A

carbon dioxide, lactic acid, H+, and K+

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46
Q

as perfusion __________, vessels __________ in response

A

increases/ constrict

47
Q

reactive hyperemia and an example

A

increase in blood flow after it is temporarily disrupted
- e.g., enter a warm room after being cold

48
Q

inflammation

A

damaged tissue, leukocytes, and platelets release vasoactive chemicals

49
Q

inflammation mediators that cause arterioles to dilate

A

histamine and bradykinin

50
Q

inflammation may also stimulate the release of ___________, another vasodilator

A

nitric oxide

51
Q

tissue damage can also lead to release of _________________

A

vasoconstrictors

52
Q

local hormones released in response to tissue damage

A

leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins

53
Q

total blood flow

A

the amount of blood transported through vasculature per unit of time

54
Q

total blood flow is equal to

A

cardiac output

55
Q

total blood flow may

A

increase with exercise

56
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

average arterial blood pressure across entire cardiac cycle

56
Q

regulation of total flow depends on both the ________ and __________

A

heart and vessels

57
Q

how to find pulse pressure

A

subtract the systolic pressure from the diastolic pressure

57
Q

MAP equation

A

MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

57
Q

MAP provides

A

index of perfusion

57
Q

venous blood pressure

A

low and does not pulsate

58
Q

venous return of blood to the heart depends on

A

pressure gradient, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump

59
Q

venous BP is ___ mm Hg in venules and almost ___ in vena cava

A

20/ 0

60
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

assists venous return from limbs

61
Q

respiratory pump

A

assists venous return in the thorax

62
Q

resistance

A

friction blood encounters; opposes blood flow (F)

63
Q

resistance is due to

A

contact between blood and vessel wall

64
Q

peripheral resistance

A

resistance of blood in blood vessels (as opposed to heart)

65
Q

peripheral resistance is affected by 3 variables that oppose blood flow

A

viscosity, vessel length, and lumen size

66
Q

blood viscosity

A

resistance of fluid to its flow

67
Q

resistance and vessel length

A

longer vessels create more resistance

68
Q

____________ occurs along length of vessel

A

friction

69
Q

resistance and vessel radius

A

smaller radius creates more resistance

70
Q

blood has ____________ flow

A

laminar

71
Q

laminar flow

A

different flow rate within vessel

72
Q

total blood flow equation

A

F 🐟 △P/R
blood flow porportional to pressure gradient/resistance

73
Q

systematic blood pressure gradient =

A

△P (change in BP from high to low)

74
Q

in systematic blood pressure gradient, if the gradient ____________, total blood flow __________

A

increases/ increases

75
Q

blood flow is ____________________ to pressure gradient but ________________________ to resistance

A

directly proportional/ inversely proportional

76
Q

resistance=

A

R

77
Q

as resistance ______________, total blood flow ______________

A

increases/decreases

78
Q

resistance can be increased by what 3 variables

A

1- INCREASING blood viscosity
2- INCREASING vessel length
or
3- DECREASING vessel lumen diameter

79
Q

receptors collect

A

data

80
Q

baroreceptors

A

check on BP in carotid arteries and the aorta

81
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect oxygen and carbon dioxide

82
Q

The cardiovascular center of the medulla contains what 2 autonomic nuclei

A

1- cardiac center
2- vasomotor center

83
Q

cardiac center

A

influences BP by influencing cardiac output

84
Q

vasomotor center

A

influences BP by influencing vessel diameter

85
Q

vessel constriction influences

A

resistance

86
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes influence

A

BP

87
Q

stimulation of chemoreceptors brings about _________________________ to return blood chemistry to _________

A

negative feedback reflexes/ normal

88
Q

chemoreceptors responses in _________________ and _______________ systems

A

respiratory and cardiovascular systems

89
Q

hypothalamus can increase __________________ and ________________-

A

cardiac output and resistance

90
Q

limbic system can alter ________________ in response to emotions or memories

A

blood pressure

91
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • liver is continuously releasing inactive angiotensinogen in the blood
  • kidneys release renin in response to BP or sympathetic nervous system
  • renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  • ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), which is located in the capillaries of the lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  • angiotensin II raises BP in 3 ways
92
Q

baroreceptors are located

A

in the kidneys

93
Q

3 ways angiotensin II can regulate BP

A

1- acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor
2- stimulates thirst center
3- acts on kidneys to decrease urine formation

94
Q

-ogen

A

inactive

95
Q

ACE inhibitor helps

A

lower BP

96
Q

angiotensin II stimulates the release of _________________ and ____________________ causing vasoconstriction

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

97
Q

aldosterone

A
  • released from adrenal cortex
  • release triggered by several stimuli, including angiotensin II
  • increases absorption of sodium ions and water in the kidney (decreases urine output)
98
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • released from posterior pituitary gland
  • release triggered by nerve signals from the hypothalamus
99
Q

ADH effects

A
  • increases water reabsorption in kidney
  • stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake
  • in large amounts, it causes vasoconstriction
100
Q

ADH is termed a

A

vasopressin

101
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • decreases BP
  • released from atria of heart when walls are stretched by high volume
  • stimulates vasodilation
  • increases urine output
  • mechanisms for BP homeostasis involve CO, R, & BV
102
Q

variables directly relate to pressure:

A

increasing any of them will raise BP

103
Q

BP measured indirectly using

A

sphygomanometer

104
Q

systolic pressure is the

A

top number

105
Q

diastolic pressure is the

A

bottom number

106
Q

hypertension

A

chronically elevated blood pressure

107
Q

atherosclerosis

A

progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries

108
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

109
Q

hypotension

A

chronically low blood pressure

Anatomy and Physiology 211 (8 decks)

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