chapter 23 vocab words

Question 1

Bourgeoisie

Answer 1

“or middle class—were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans.”

Question 2

Louis XVI

Answer 2

“he borrowed heavily in order to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain, France’s chief rival. This nearly doubled the government’s debt.”

Question 3

Marie Antoinette

Answer 3

“unpopular from the moment she set foot in France. Her behavior only made the situation worse. As queen, she spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts that she became known as “Madame Deficit.”

Question 4

Estates-General

Answer 4

“an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. ”

Question 5

National Assembly

Answer 5

“a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.”

Question 6

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 6

“a pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.”

Question 7

Legislative Assembly

Answer 7

“This body had the power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war.”

Question 8

Guillotine

Answer 8

“a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution”

Question 9

Maximillien Robespierre

Answer 9

“his supporters set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past”

Question 10

Reign of Terror

Answer 10

“For the next year, Robespierre governed France virtually as a dictator, and the period of his rule became known as the”

Question 11

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 11

“When he was nine years old, his parents sent him to a military school. In 1785, at the age of 16, he finished school and became a lieutenant in the artillery.”

“took the title of first consul and assumed the powers of a dictator. ”

Question 12

Napoleonic Code

Answer 12

“This gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices. However, it actually limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights.”

Question 13

Blockade

Answer 13

“ the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region. ”

Question 14

Scorched-earth policy

Answer 14

“the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.”

Question 15

St. Helena, page 671

Answer 15

“a remote island in the South Atlantic”

Question 16

Congress of Vienna

Answer 16

“a series of meetings in 1814–1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon. ”

Question 17

Klemens von Metternich

Answer 17

distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution. ”

Question 18

Balance of Power

Answer 18

“Metternich wanted to keep things as they were and remarked, “The first and greatest concern for the “immense majority of every nation is the stability of laws—never their change.”

Question 19

Legitimacy

Answer 19

“the hereditary right of a monarch to rule.”

Question 20

Concert of Europe

Answer 20

“ a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.”