Chapter 22 Vocab

Question 0

2. Scientific Revolution

Answer 0

was a new way of thinking about the natural world. That way was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

Question 1

1. Geocentric Theory

Answer 1

This earth-centered view of the universe was called

Question 2

3. Heliocentric Theory

Answer 2

the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun.

Question 3

4. Galileo Galilei

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built on the new theories about astronomy. As a young man, learned that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could enlarge far-off objects. built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609.

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5. Isaac Newton

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force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space. The key idea that linked motion in the heavens with motion on the earth was the law of universal gravitation. According to this law, every object in the universe attracts every other object.

Question 5

6. Edward Jenner (page 628)

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introduced a vaccine to pre- vent smallpox. Inoculation using live small- pox germs had been practiced

Question 7

7. William Harvey _ not in your book

Answer 7

describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart

Question 8

8. Enlightenment

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“one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects”

Question 9

9. Social Contract, (page 629

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“the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government. ”

Question 10

10. Thomas Hobbes

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“expressed his views in a work called Leviathan (1651). The horrors of the English Civil War convinced him that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. ”

Question 11

11. Leviathan (Page 629)

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“(sea monster). In Hobbes’s view, such a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and demand obedience.

Question 12

12. John Locke

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“ more positive, view of human nature. He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. Locke criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government.

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13. Philosophes

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“one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment. ”

Question 13

15. Montesquieu

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“devoted himself to the study of political liberty. Montesquieu believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day.”

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14. Voltaire

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“he published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama.

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16. Spirit of the Laws (page 631)

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“proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. “Power,” he wrote, “should be a check to power.” This idea later would be called checks and balances.

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17. Rousseau

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“was passionately committed to individual freedom. The son of a poor Swiss watchmaker, Rousseau won recognition as a writer of essays.”

Question 17

18. The Social Contract, (Page 632)

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“the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government. ”

Question 18

19. Salons

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“a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment.”

Question 19

20. Baroque

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“relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s.”

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21. Neoclassical

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“relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s. ”

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22. Enlightened Despots

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“upported the philosophes’ ideas. But they also had no intention of giving up any power. The changes they made were motivated by two desires: they wanted to make their countries stronger and their own rule more effective”

Question 22

23. Frederick the Great (page 638

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“followed his father’s military policies when he came to power. However, he also softened some of his father’s laws. With regard to domestic affairs, he encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. According to his theory of government, Frederick believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people:

Question 23

24. Catherine the Great

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“ She ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. The well-educated empress read the works of philosophes, and she exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia.

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25. Declaration of Independence

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“a statement of the reasons for the American colonies’ break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776. ”

Question 25

26. Thomas Jefferson

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declaration of independence written by him, “was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment”