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APK 2100C > Chapter 23 The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of digestive system

A
  • Food intake
  • Digestion of food into nutrient molecules
  • Absorption of nutrient into blood
  • Elimination of waste
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2
Q

Alimentary Canal + Accessory Organs

A

Mouth, tongue, salivary glands (parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland), pharynx, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine stuff….

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3
Q

Divisions of Digestive system

A
  • Alimentary canal- gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus, contents outside of body
  • Accessory digestive organs- physical breakdown and propulsion of foodstuffs: teeth and tongue; chemical breakdown of foodstuffs: gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
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4
Q

Abdominal quadrants

A

4 quadrants R/L Upper/Lower

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5
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Right Hypochondriac| Epigastric | Left Hypochond
Right Lumbar | Umbilical | Left Lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal) | Hypogastric| Left iliac (inguin)

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6
Q

4 layers of alimentary canal wall

A

External to internal:

serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa

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7
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer- lines lumen
3 layers:
- epithelium - continuous with ducts that dump into lumen
- Lamina propria (CT)- vasculature for absorption
- Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)- local movement of mucosa

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8
Q

Submucosa

A
  • CT- rich in elastic fibers

- blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

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9
Q

Muscularis Externa

A
  • 2 layers of smooth muscle: circular layer, longitudinal layer (sometimes circular layer thickens in areas to become sphincter)
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10
Q

Serosa

A
  • visceral peritoneum

- simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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11
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

6 major locations:

  • iris of eye
  • walls of blood vessels
  • respiratory tubes
  • digestive tubes (muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa)
  • urinary organs
  • reproductive organs
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12
Q

Smooth muscle anatomy

A

Irregularly arranged thick and thin filaments thus no striations

  • intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton attach to dense bodies (similar to z-discs)
  • contraction occurs in a corkscrew fashion, pulling dense bodies closer together
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13
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

Mesentery

A

double layer of peritonem

  • holds organs in place
  • stores adipose
  • route for vessels to/from the organs
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15
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

extends dorsally from the alimentary canal to the posterior abdominal wall

  • Greater omentum - greater curvature of stomach, around transverse colon to posterior wall of abdomen
  • contains fat
  • mesentery- long coils of jejunum and ileum supported
  • transverse mesocolon- holds transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall (almost horizontal)
  • sigmoid mesocolon- connects sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall
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16
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

extends ventrally from the stomach and liver to anterior abdominal wall

  • falciform ligament - binds anterior aspect of liver to anterior abdominal wall/diaphragm
  • lesser omentum runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and beginning of duodenum
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17
Q

Retroperitoneal organs of GI tract

A

lack peritoneum…fuse to the dorsal abdominal wall

- duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, pancreas

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18
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs and their mesenteries

A 
Liver (falciform, lesser omentum)
Stomach (greater and lesser omentum)
ileum/jejunum (mesentery)
transverse colon (transverse mesocolon)
sigmoid colon (sigmoid mesocolon)
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19
Q

Mouth and associated organs

A

oral cavity

  • mucosa-lined cavity
  • very thick stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q

Tongue

A
  • Internal muscles change shape of the tongue; not attached to any bones
  • External muscles change the position of the tongue; attached to bones of the skull and hyoid
21
Q

Surface anatomy of the tongue

A

posterior 1/3- lingual tonsil- oropharynx, sulcus terminalis
Anterior 2/3- circumvallate papillae, fungiform papillae (reddish), filiform papillae (most abundant, roughened, white appearance)

22
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid- big, backwards
Sublingual- under tongue
Submandibular- below mandible, back (duct more anterior than sublingual ducts)

Saliva cleanses teeth and dissolves food; body makes 2-4 pints a day?

23
Q

Pharynx is part of both_______ systems.

A

Respiratory/digestive

24
Q

Esophagus

A
  • collapsible muscular tube
  • laryngopharynx -> stomach

Muscularis externa:
top 1/3 -skeletal muscle
mid 1/3- skeletal and smooth
end 1/3- smooth muscle

25
Q

Microscopic anatomy of esophagus

A

Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium), submucosa, then muscularis externa ( 2 layers circular, longitudinal)

26
Q

Stomach

A
  • widest part of ealimentary canal
  • food temporarily stored (4 hours) and made into chyme
  • first site of chemical breakdown (pepsin)
27
Q

Gross anatomy of stomach

A

Hard to explain, know it…

28
Q

Chief cell secretes?

A

pepsinogen

29
Q

Parietal cell secretes?

A

HCl

30
Q

Small intestine

A

longest part of alimentary canal

  • site of most enzymatic digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients
  • segmentation- moves chyme all around increasing contact with absorptive mucosal lining
  • peristalsis- propels chyme through SI
31
Q

Gross anatomy of SI

A

duodenum- c shaped (12 finger widths long)
Jejunum- Upper, 40% of small intestine
Ileum- (longest part) Lower, 60% of small intestine

32
Q

Pilcae circularis?

A

permanent, transverse circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa which aid in segmentation and increase surface area for absorption: 1 tall

33
Q

Villi?

A

Finger-like projections in the mucosa which are ~1mm tall and viewable with eye
- Enterocytes/absorptive cells- simple columnar epithelium specialized for absorbing digested nutrients

34
Q

Microvilli?

A

Tiny, finger-like projections on apical side of each simple columnar epithelial enterocytes of the villi

35
Q

Large intestine

A
  • receives undigested food from small intestine
  • absorbs water and electrolytes
  • pass feces out of gi tract
  • mass peristaltic movements vs. constant peristalsis
36
Q

Teniae Coli?

A

3-longitudinal strips running the length of the LI

- thickenings of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

37
Q

Haustra?

A

sac-like bulges formed by the muscle tone of the large intestine

38
Q

Epiploic appendages?

A

fat- filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the intestine
- unknown significance/function

39
Q

Anal sphincter anatomy

A

Levator ani muscle, external anal sphincter, internal anal sphincter, anus

40
Q

Defecation

A

Stretch of rectal wall due to feces-> cerebral cortex (conscious control)-> voluntary motor nerve to external anal sphincter-> inhibition of voluntary motor neurons allowing external anal sphincter to relax so feces may pass

41
Q

Goblet cells of LI

A

need lots of goblet cells because of mass movements of solids?
More goblet cells found proximally near the ileum

42
Q

Liver

A
  • largest gland in the body

- bile production- green liquid (alkaline) stored in the gallbladder

43
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • muscular sac on the underside of right lobe of liver

- stores and concentrates bile

44
Q

Know ducts that transport bile

A
  • right/left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct (joins with cystic duct from gallbladder) to exit to the duodenum by the common bile duct
45
Q

Pancreas

A
  • exocrine function= enzymes for digestion in small intestine
  • endocrine function = hormones for glucose regulation

APK 2100C (10 decks)

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