Chapter 22- Respiratory

Question 1

Conducting zone

Answer 1

Transports air to sites of gas exchange; filters, humidifies, warms incoming air
- Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 2

Respiratory zone

Answer 2

sites of gas exchange; anywhere there are alveoli present

Question 3

The nose

Answer 3

Nasal bone, Maxillary bone, Major Alar Cartilages

Question 4

Nasal Cavity

Answer 4

Roof - sphenoid + ethmoid
Vestibule - space just inside external nares; nasal hair
Nares- Nostrils
Posterior nasal aperture - back of nasal cavity
Floor - hard palate (maxilla + palatine ) and soft palate (soft tissue)

Question 5

Nasal Spetum

Answer 5

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, nose is septal cartilage

Question 6

Nasal conchae

Answer 6

act to increase air turbulence within nasal cavity-> increase contact with mucosa

1) Superior Nasal concha and meatus
2) Middle Nasal concha and meatus
3) Inferior Nasal Concha and meatus

Question 7

Olfactory mucosa

Answer 7

• houses receptors for smell

- houses olfactory nerve receptors/ dendrites

Question 8

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 8

• covers rest of nasal cavity
• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and other nasal glands (tubuloalveolar glands in the lamina propria (underlying connective tissue)
• Final destination of inhaled particles that are trapped is the stomach

Question 9

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 9

Air filled cavities around and dumping into nasal cavity
-frontal sinuses
-ethmoid sinuses
-sphenoid sinuses
-maxillary sinuses
Lined with respiratory mucosa and continuous with nasal cavity
Top to bottom: Frontal, Ethmoid, sphenoid, Maxillary

Question 10

Pharynx

Answer 10

Throat… funnel shaped passage that connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx/esophagus
- Nasopharynx-> oropharynx-> laryngopharynx

Question 11

Tonsils

Answer 11

lymphoid organs that destroy pathogens entering the pharynx

• Pharnygeal tonsil (adenoids) Nasal cavity
• Palatine tonsils (uvula)
• Lingual Tonsil (back of tongue)

Question 12

Larynx

Answer 12

• intricate arrangement of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
• Anchored to the hyoid bone superiorly
• Continuous with the trachea inferiorly
• Functions in vocalizations, open airway, routing food and air to proper passageway

Question 13

Structure of Larynx (voice box) Anterior view

Answer 13

Epiglottis superior
Thyroid cartilage (with laryngeal prominence e.g. adam’s apple) medial
Cricoid Cartilage inferior
then tracheal cartilages postinferior

Question 14

Structure of Larynx (voice box) Lateral view

Answer 14

Know it pls (arytenoid cartilage)

Question 15

The vocal folds

Answer 15

skeletal muscles pull arytenoid cartilage in different directions causing varying degrees of openness and tightness of true vocal cords
- glottis = vocal folds + hole formed by their separation

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

• downward continuation of the larynx
• 16-20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
• cartilage joined to one another by intervening membranes of fibroelastic ct; trachea flexible and can be elongated
• esophageal distension
• Terminates at the carina

Question 17

Tissues of trachea

Answer 17

• Trachealis- smooth muscle that allows distension of esophagus and contracts during coughing/sneezing
• Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with seromucous gland in submucosa

Question 18

Bronchial tree

Answer 18

Superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe in right lung

Superior lobe, inferior lobe in left lung

Question 19

Tissue composition of Bronchial Tree

Answer 19

• supportive connective tissue changes because bronchioles have no protecting rings
• epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar -> simple columnar -> simple cuboidal; no mucous in bronchioles
• smooth muscle changes; trachealis muscle-> wraps all the way around smaller tubes; smooth muscle thins as it reaches terminal ends of bronchiole tree and is absent at alveoli

Question 20

The respiratory zone

Answer 20

Alveoli are sacs of squamous epithelium (type I cells) covered with capillaries

Question 21

Distinguishing structures in lungs

Answer 21

Bronchiole-> terminal bronchiole -> respiratory bronchiole -> alveolar duct-> alveolar sacs-> alveoli/single alveolus

Question 22

Alveolar pores?

Answer 22

connect adjacent alveoli within an alveolar sac

Question 23

Type II cell

Answer 23

In alveoli they are surfactant secreting cells

Question 24

Alveoli and Capillaries have a ____ basement membrane.

Answer 24

Fused

Question 25

The lungs and pleurae

Answer 25

3 thoracic compartments: Right lateral compartment, left lateral compartment, central mediastinal compartment
- Compartmentalization is necessary

Question 26

Neural control of ventilation

Answer 26

Two primary brain regions control: pontine respiratory center and medullary respiratory centers
- also influenced by higher brain centers (gasping when shocked or breath control (diaphragm, intercostal muscles))