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APK 2100C > Chapter 12-Intro to Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12-Intro to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Rapid, specific signals cause ___ responses by the body.

A

Immediate

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2
Q

3 Overlapping functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Monitor changes inside and outside body

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4
Q

CNS

A

Receives and interprets sensory input

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5
Q

Effector organs

A

Motor neurons elicit responses using effector organs

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6
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal chord, functioning in integration and command

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Divided into somatic and autonomic systems, functioning in communication

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8
Q

Afferent

A

Towards

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9
Q

Efferent

A

Away

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10
Q

Somatic

A

Areas outside of ventral body cavity e.g. skin, skeletal musculature, bones,

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11
Q

Visceral

A

Structures in the ventral cavity e.g. digestive tubes, lungs, heart, bladder

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12
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp, hearing, equilibrium, vision

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13
Q

Visceral sensory

A

Taste, smell, stretch, pain, temperature, chem changes, irritation of viscera, nausea, and hunger

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14
Q

Somatic motor

A

motor innervation to skeletal muscles

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15
Q

visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

A

motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands (involuntary)

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16
Q

Nervous tissue is made of

A

neurons and neuroglia

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17
Q

neuroglia

A

nonexcitable supporting cells that surround and wrap the neurons

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18
Q

Characteristics of neurons

A
  • Conduct electrical Signals- able to send electrical signals from one body part to another
  • extreme longevity- last a lifetime (typically)
  • do not divide- cannot be replaced
  • high metabolic rate- require constant supply of O2 and nutrients
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19
Q

Parts and Functions of a Neuron

A

Dendrites- processes that extend from the cell body acting as receptive sites for signal recognition
Cell body- single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and is the focal point for the outgrowth of neuron processes
Axon- arising from the axon hillock, a neuron process which ends in terminal boutons and covered by schwann cells that act as impulse generators and conductors

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20
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A
  • Know difference between dendrites and axon in multipolar
  • Know difference between fused dendrite and axon in bipolar
  • know difference between the peripheral and central processes which comprise an axon in unipolar (psuedounipolar)
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21
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons

A

grouped according to direction nerve impulse travels relative to CNS

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22
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

(afferent neurons) towards the CNS

23
Q

Motor Neurons

A

(efferent neurons) away from the CNS

24
Q

Association Neurons

A

Interneurons- within the CNS

25
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

neuron-neuron synapse

26
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

neuron-cell body synapse

27
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support cells

28
Q

Types of CNS Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendricytes

29
Q

Types of PNS neuroglia

A

Satellite Cells, Schwann cells

30
Q

Astrocyte

A

( attaches to capillaries) Most abundant CNS neuroglia

31
Q

Microglial Cells

A

(attaches to neurons) Defensive Cells in the CNS

32
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

(look like teeth with cilia) line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

33
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

processes which form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

34
Q

Satellite cells

A

cover neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

35
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheaths in the PNS

36
Q

Schwann cell vs. oligodendricyte

A

Schwann cells wrap around 1 axon of 1 neuron in PNS whereas Oligodendricyte can wrap around many axons of many neurons in the CNS

37
Q

Myelin

A

multilayered lipoprotein structure that wraps pieces of axons

  • electrical inulation
  • speeds rate of action potential
  • Schwann cells in PNS
  • Oligodendricytes in CNS
38
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin Sheath

39
Q

Neurilemma

A

the outer, nucleated, cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell… outermost layer of myelin sheath

40
Q

Myelinated Axon (PNS)

A

schwann cell wraps several times around an axon

41
Q

Unmyelinated Axon (PNS)

A

Schwann cell surrounds and encircles many axons

42
Q

Neurilemma Function (PNS vs CNS)

A
  • When Axons are damaged in PNS, neurilemma forms a regeneration tube which acts as a tunnel
  • This does not happen in the CNS because oligodendricytes do not forma neurilemma
43
Q

Grey matter vs white matter

A

Grey matter (where cell bodies are clustered) surounds white matter (consist of axons running between different parts of CNS) in the brain whereas white matter surrounds grey matter in the spinal cord

44
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of soma in the PNS

45
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Cluster of axons in the PNS

46
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Cluster of soma in the CNS

47
Q

What is a tract?

A

Cluster of axons in the CNS

48
Q

Nerves in the PNS are…

A

cable-like organs in the PNS; many parallel axons arranged in bundles called fascicles; within each nerve, each axon is covered by Schwann cells (myelinated and unmyelinated axons)

49
Q

3 layers of CT in the PNS

A

Endoneurium- CT surrounding the Schwann Cells
Perineum- CT surrounding fascicles
Epineurium- CT surrounding an entire nerve

  • each axon is surrounded by Schwann cell, then covered by CT
50
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, automatic, motor responses to stimuli

51
Q

Reflex arc

A

simple chain of neurons that cause reflexes

52
Q

Monosynaptic Reflexes

A

No interneuron, one synapse

Stretch reflex

53
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A 
Multiple interneurons, multiple synapses
Withdrawal reflex (pain withdrawal), activates flexor muscles
ex. bicep flexes, tricep must be relaxed neuron also inhibits antagonist muscle

APK 2100C (10 decks)

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