Chapter 23 - Medical Aspect of CBR Warfare Flashcards
What chemical agents were used during the Iran-Iraq war in 1983?
Mustard gas and nerve agent (tabun)
When was the first large scale use of chemical agents?
WW I
In Japan, Aum Shinrikyo, what did the terrorist groups use and produce in a Tokyo subway?
Sarin gas
The production of chemical weapons on a small scale is not __________. The space required to set-up a chemical agent lab is no longer than that of a narcotics drug lab. The equipment necessary to produce chemical agents is available on the open market.
Difficult
What are the three of the common detection methods of chemical agents?
M9, M8, and M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector
Which common detection method is the most widely used method of detecting liquid chemical warfare agents that does not identify which specific agent gives the positive reading and it is a self-adhesive that attaches to most surfaces?
M9 Chemical Agent Detector Paper
M9 Chemical Agent Detection Paper turns what color if a nerve agent or a blister agent is present?
Pink red, reddish brown, or purple color
Which common detection method tests for the presence of liquid chemical agents that when a liquid agent touches it, the paper changes color?
M8 Chemical Agent Detector Paper
M8 Chemical Detection Paper turns what color when it comes into contact with VX?
Olive or Verdana Green
M8 Chemical Detection Paper turns what color when it comes into contact with “G” class nerve agents?
Gold/Yellow
M8 Chemical Detection Paper turns what color when it comes into contact with blister agents?
Red or purple
Neither M8 nor M9 paper can detect chemical warfare agent vapor. True or False?
True
What uses chemistry technology, in which ampules containing different substrates are crushed so that liquids interact with strips of filter paper, chromatographic, and glass fiber filter?
Vapor sampler
Which common detection method is a portable kit (package of M8 paper, detailed instructions, and vapor sampler) that detects nerve gas, mustard gas, and cyanide; and the reactions typically take 15 minutes to occur?
M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit
What does the acronym MOPP stand for?
Mission-Oriented Protective Posture
How many levels of Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) are there?
5
What equipment is in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) level 0?
Mask/Hood = Carried Over Garment = Available Over Boot = Available Gloves = Available Decon/Antidote Kit = Available
What equipment is in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) level 1?
Mask/Hood = Carried Over Garment = Worn Over Boot = Carried Gloves = Carried Decon/Antidote Kit = Carried
What equipment is in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) level 2?
Mask/Hood = Carried Over Garment = Worn Over Boot = Worn Gloves = Carried Decon/Antidote Kit = Carried
What equipment is in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) level 3?
Mask/Hood = Worn Over Garment = Worn Over Boot = Worn Gloves = Carried Decon/Antidote Kit = Carried
What equipment is in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) level 4?
Mask/Hood = Worn Over Garment = Worn Over Boot = Worn Gloves = Worn Decon/Antidote Kit = Carried
A chemical agent on the skin can be removed effectively by using what decontamination kit?
M291 skin decontamination kit
Which chemical agent interferes with normal transmission of nerve impulses in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, pharmacologically cholinesterase inhibitors and their reaction with cholinesterase tends to be irreversible?
Nerve Agents
VX, Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and Cyclosarin (GF) are examples of what chemical agent?
Nerve Agents
Which type of chemical agents is odorless, colorless liquids or vapors?
Nerve Agents
What are ways nerve agents can enter the body?
Eyes, respiratory tract (fast action), and skin (slow action).
The following signs and symptoms are for what chemical agent: salivation, lacrimation, urination, gastrointestinal disturbance, and general excretions?
Nerve Agents
What treatments are used to treat nerve agent exposure?
Atropine (3 syringes of 2 mg), 2-PAM CL (3 syringes of 600 mg), Diazepam or Convulsive Antidote Nerve Agent (CANA) (10 mg auto injector)
Which nerve agent treatment is an acetylcholine blocker and is the drug of choice to treat nerve agent poisoning?
Atropine
Which nerve agent treatment removes the agent from the enzyme acetylcholinesterase within the synaptic cleft (the space between the nerve cells) of the nervous system?
Pralidoxime Chloride (2-PAM CL)
Which nerve agent treatment is used to control convulsions in patients?
Diazepam or Convulsion Antidote Nerve Agent (CANA)
A MARK 1 Kit consists of?
Both the Atropine (2mg) and 2-PAM CL (600mg) autoinjector
What is the new autoinjector that will be replacing the MARK 1antidote kit?
Autoinjector Treatment Nerve Agent Antidote (ATNAA)
Which autoinjector kit is a single autoinjector that has two chambers that deliver 2.1mg of Atropine and 600mg of 2-PAM CL in a single injection?
Autoinjector Treatment Nerve Agent Antidote (ATNAA)
What portion of the body are the autoinjectors administered in?
Lateral thigh muscle and buttocks
How long are autoinjectors held firmly in place for?
10 seconds
How many MARK 1 Kits can a non-medical person give?
3
For severe nerve agent symptoms (gastrointestinal or respiratory), how many MARK 1 Kits should be given in a row?
3
How long do you wait after giving the first MARK 1 Kit before giving another in a patient with moderate symptoms?
10-15 minutes
Atropine can be injected at ___ to ___ minute interval and until there is a reduction of both secretions and breathing difficulty.
5-10 minutes
If severe symptoms still persist after one hour of giving the three MARK 1Kits, three additional autoinjectors of 2-PAM CL 600mg should be given. No more than ___ doses should be given of 2-PAM CL . Discontinue use after respiratory distress has decreased.
6
What is the maximum dose Convulsion Antidote Nerve Agents (CANA) or Diazepam may be given at a 5-10 minute interval?
3
The order of nerve agent decontamination is as follows:
- Face
- Neck area
- Chest area
- Abdomen
- Arms and hands
- Other exposed skin areas
True or False?
True
What items are used for decontamination of nerve agents?
Soap and water, 0.5% hypochlorite solution and M291 Kit
Which chemical agent exert their primary action on the skin and produces large and painful blisters that are incapacitating and this agent is also known as a vesicant?
Blister Agent
Mustard (H), Distilled Mustard (HD), Nitrogen Mustard (HN), and Lewisite (L) are examples of what chemical agent?
Blister Agent
Which Blister agent has a smells like fish?
Nitrogen Mustard (HN)
Which Blister agent smells like “Horseradish”?
Mustard (H)
Which Blister agent smells like “Geraniums”?
Lewisite (L)
Which Blister agent is less volatile and more persistent than Distilled Mustard (HD) but has the same blistering qualities?
Nitrogen Mustard (HN)
Which Blister agent is an arsenical?
Lewisite (L)
Which part of the body does Blister agents attack?
Eyes and respiratory tract as well as the skin
What are the areas within the body that will be affected the most with Blister agent?
Warm, sweaty areas of the body (armpits, groin, face and neck)
What is the primary cause of death from a Blister agent?
Massive edema or mechanical pulmonary obstruction
What is the treatment for Blister agents? Lewisite?
Pain and itching relief, control of infection and British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) for Lewisite
What is used for decontamination of Blister agents?
M291 Kit, soap and water, and 0.5% hypochlorite solution
Decontamination of Blister agents within two minutes will reduce the toxic effects by what percentage?
50%
British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) must not be used on patients allergic to?
Peanuts
Within how many hours will the symptoms of a Blister agent take effect?
Several hours after exposure
Which chemical agent that disrupts oxygen utilization at the cellular level rapidly causing cellular suffocation and is also known as cyanides?
Blood Agents
Cyanogen CL (AC) and Hydrocyanic acid (CK) are examples of what chemical agent?
Blood Agents
Which Blood agent has a bitter almonds smell?
Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
Which Blood agent has an irritating odor?
Hydrocyanic Acid (CK)
After exposure to _________ agents, the victims will take a few deep breathes, begin convulsions after 20-30 seconds, and die after a few minutes.
Blood Agents
What are the treatments for Blood Agents?
- 2 Amyl Nitrite ampules crushed and inhaled (every few minutes until eight is used)
- IV Sodium Thiosulfate 12.5g (1-2 doses given)
- IV Sodium Nitrate 300mg
Which chemical agents damage the membranes in the lungs that separate the alveolar tissue resulting in plasma to leak into the alveoli causing hypoxia resulting in PULMONARY EDEMA?
Pulmonary Agents
Chlorine (CL), Phosgene (CG), and Diphosgene (DP) are examples of what chemical agent?
Pulmonary Agents
Which Pulmonary Agent is a colorless gas that smells like new-mown hay or freshly cut grass?
Phosgene (CG)
What is the treatment for Pulmonary Agents?
Remove patient from the source, rest, and perform assisted respirations and/or oxygen.
How would you decontaminate vapor and liquid Pulmonary Agents?
- Vapors = exposure to fresh air or ventilated area
- Liquids = remove clothes, and rinse affected area with water
Which chemical agent is used to describe a collection of chemical compounds, all having similar characteristics which produce an immediate but temporary effect in very low concentrations; to harass enemy personnel or discourage riot actions causing people to become unable to perform their job due to discomfort?
Riot-Control/Harassment Agents
Mace (CN),Dibenzoxazepine (CR), 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS), Adamsite (DM) and Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) are examples of what type of chemical agents?
Riot-Control/Harassment Agents
What are the two classes of Riot-Control/Harassment Agetns?
Lacrimation and Vomiting Agents
Which class of Riot-Control/Harassment Agent is also known as “TEAR GAS” and are essentially local irritants that act primarily on the eyes?
Lacrimators