Chapter 23 Flashcards
Red Shirts
the guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.
Homestead Act
an American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy
Crimean War
a conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, under scoring the need for reform in the Russian empire
Bloody Sunday
a massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy
October Manifesto
the result of a paralyzing general strike in October 1905, a Russian decree that granted full civil rights and promised a popular elected Duma with real legislative power
Duma
the Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes
Tanzimat
a set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model
Young Turks
fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, following the conservative sultan to implement reforms
Reichstag
the popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1817
Kulturkampf
Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from `870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
A German working-class political party founded in the 1870’s, the SPD championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament
Dreyfus affair
a divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church
People’s Budget
a bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords
Zioism
a movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl
Revisionism
an effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time
