Chapter 15 Flashcards
Peace of Westphalia
the name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe
Fronde
a series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
mercantilism
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver
Peace of Utrecht
a series of treaties, from 1713-1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended the French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire
Junkers
the nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Fredrick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state
boyars
the highest ranking members of the Russian nobility
Cossacks
free groups and outlaw armies originally compromising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state
sultan
the ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural lands of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves
janissary corps
the core of the sultan’s army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force
millet system
a system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet(nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders
constitutionalism
a force of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics
republicanism
a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercises through elected representatives
Puritans
members of a sixteenth- and seventeenth- century reform movements within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements like bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings
Protectorate
the English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I
stadholder
the executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange