Chapter 22

Question 1

utilitarianism

Answer 1

the idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the “greatest good for the greatest number”

Question 2

germ theory

Answer 2

the idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled

Question 3

labor aristocracy

Answer 3

the highly skilled workers, such as factory foremen and construction bosses, who made up about 15% of the working classes from about 1850 to 1914

Question 4

sweated industries

Answer 4

poorly paid handcraft production, often carries out by marries women paid by the piece and working at home

Question 5

companionate marriage

Answer 5

marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values that became increasingly dominant in the second half of the nineteenth century

Question 6

separate spheres

Answer 6

the nineteenth-century gendered division of labor and lifestyles that cast men as breadwinners and women as homemakers

Question 7

suffrage movement

Answer 7

a militant movement for women’s right to vote led by middle-class British women around 1900

Question 8

thermodynamics

Answer 8

a branch of physics built on Newton’s law of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy

Question 9

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 9

the burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the nineteenth century

Question 10

evolution

Answer 10

the idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment

Question 11

Social Darwinism

Answer 11

a body of thought drawn from the ideas of Charles Darwin that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

Question 12

realism

Answer 12

a literary movement that, in contrast to romanticism, stressed the deception of life as it actually was