Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

enclosure

A

the movement to fence in fields in order to farm more efficiently, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

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2
Q

proletarianization

A

the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

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3
Q

cottage industry

A

a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

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4
Q

putting-out system

A

the eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

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5
Q

industrious revolution

A

the shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

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6
Q

guild system

A

the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

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7
Q

economic liberalism

A

a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

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8
Q

Navigation Acts

A

a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

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9
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

the treaty that ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts

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10
Q

debt peonage

A

a form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to jeep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

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11
Q

Atlantic slave trade

A

the forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans

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