Chapter 19

Question 1

Estates General

Answer 1

a legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the 3 classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Question 2

estates

Answer 2

the three legal categories, or orders, of France’s inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

Question 3

National Assembly

Answer 3

the first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the 3rd estate and a few of the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791

Question 4

Great Fear

Answer 4

the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt

Question 5

Jacobin Club

Answer 5

a political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

Question 6

second revolution

Answer 6

from 1792-1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics

Question 7

Girondists

Answer 7

a moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

Question 8

the Mountain

Answer 8

led by Robespierre, the French National Convention’s radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793

Question 9

sans-culottes

Answer 9

the laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

Question 10

Reign of Terror

Answer 10

the period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed

Question 11

Thermidorian reaction

Answer 11

a reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

Question 12

Napoleonic Code

Answer 12

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws

Question 13

Grand Empire

Answer 13

the empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia

Question 14

Continental System

Answer 14

a blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military