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Biology 139 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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0
Q

Food- breaks it down into smaller fragments

A

Digest

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1
Q

Is the continuous muscular tube that winds through the body from the mouth to the anus

A

Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

_____ the digested fragments through its lining into the blood

A

Absorbs

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3
Q

The organs of the _____ _____ are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

Alimentary canal

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4
Q

____ _______ ____ are the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, & a number of large digestive glands- the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

A

Accessory digestive organs

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5
Q

____ is simply taking food into the digestive tract, usually via the mouth.

A

Ingestion

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6
Q

_____ Which moves food through the alimentary canal, includes swallowing, which is initiated voluntarily, & peristalsis, an involuntary process.

A

Propulsion

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7
Q

____ the major means of propulsion, involves alternating waves of construction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls.

A

Peristalsis

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8
Q

____ _____ increases the surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes.

A

Mechanical breakdown

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9
Q

______ involves a series of catabolic steps in which enzymes secreted into the lumen (cavity) of the alimentary canal break down complex food molecules to their chemical building blocks.

A

Digestion

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10
Q

______ is the passage of digested end products (plus vitamins, minerals, and water) from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph.

A

Absorption

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11
Q

_____ eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.

A

Defecation

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12
Q

________ mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall.

A

Segmentation

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13
Q

______ is a double layer of peritoneum a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back- that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall.

A

Mesentery

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14
Q

Between the two peritoneums is the ____ ____, a slitlike potential space containing a slippery fluid secreted by the serous membranes.

A

Peritoneal cavity

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15
Q

The serous membrane ______ of the abdominopelvic cavity is the most extensive of these membranes.

A

Peritoneum

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16
Q

The ______ ______ covers the external surfaces of the most digestive organs and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum.

A

Visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

Lines the body wall?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

These organs which include most of the pancreas and duodenum and parts of the large intestine are called?

A

Retroperitoneal organs

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19
Q

Digestive organs (like the stomach) that keep their mesentery and remain in the peritoneal cavity are called?

A

Intraperitoneal or peritoneal organs

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20
Q

Is inflammation of the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

21
Q

The ______ _____ includes those Arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation.

A

Splanchnic circulation

22
Q

The innermost layer is a moist epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from mouth to anus. (Major functions are secrete, absorb, & protect)

A

Mucosa or mucous membrane

23
Q

The ______ just external to the mucosa, is areole connective tissue containing a rich supply of blood & lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers which supply the surrounding tissues of the GI tract wall.

A

Submucosa

24
Q

Surrounding the submucosa is the ____ _____. This layer is responsible for segmentation peristalsis. It typically has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells.

A

Muscularis externa also called muscularis

25
Q

The ____, the outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs, is the visceral peritoneum. In most alimentary canal organs, it is formed of areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium, a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.

A

Serosa

26
Q

Cleanses the mouth, dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted, moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus, contains enzymes that begins the chemical breakdown of starchy foods.

A

Saliva

27
Q

Most saliva is produced by the ___ or ___ ____ __that lie outside the oral cavity and empty their secretions into it.

A

Major or extrinsic salivary glands

28
Q

____ or ___ ____ _____ (Buccal glands and others) scattered throughout the oral cavity mucosa augment the output slightly.

A

Minor or intrinsic salivary glands

29
Q

The large, roughly triangular ___ ____ lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and the skin.

A

Parotid gland

30
Q

About the size of a walnut, the ___ ____ lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body.

A

Submandibular gland

31
Q

The small almond shape ___ ____ lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue and opens via 10-20 ducts into the floor of the mouth.

A

Sublingual gland

32
Q

When we ingest food chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the mouth send signals to the ___ ___ in the brain stem.

A

Salivatory nuclei

33
Q

The ____ lie in sockets in the gym covered margins of the mandible and maxilla

A

Teeth

34
Q

Produce and secrete saliva

A

Salivary glands

35
Q

From the mouth food passed posteriorly into the _____ and then the _____, both common passageways for food, fluids, and air.

A

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

36
Q

The ___ is a muscular tube about 25cm long and is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion.

A

Esophagus

37
Q

The esophagus joins the stomach at the ____ ____ within the abdominal cavity.

A

Cardial orifice

38
Q

The cardinal orifice is surrounded by the ___ ___ Which is a physiology sphincter.

A

Cardiac sphincter

39
Q

As food enters the mouth, it’s mechanical breakdown begins with ____ or chewing.

A

Mastication

40
Q

_____ or swallowing is complicated process that involves coordinated activity of over 22 separate muscle groups.

A

Deglutition

41
Q

Below the esophagus the GI tract expands to form the ____ a temporary “storage tank” where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme.

A

Stomach

42
Q

A creamy paste

A

Chyme

43
Q

When empty the stomach collapses inward throwing its mucosa into large longitudinal folds called

A

Rugae (wrinkle fold)

44
Q

The small ____ surrounds the cardial orifice through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus.

A

Cardia

45
Q

The ____ is the stomach’s dome-shaped part, tucked beneath the diaphragm, that bulges superolaterally to the cardia.

A

Fundus

46
Q

___ ___ Found mainly in the more apical region of the glands scattered among the chief cells, simultaneously secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

A

Parietal cells

47
Q

___ ___ occurs mainly in the basal regions of the gastric glands. It produce pepsinogen the inactive form of the pepsin.

A

Chief cells

48
Q

The ___ ____ is the body’s major digestive organ.

A

Small intestine

49
Q

The relatively immovable _____ which curves around the head of the pancreas is about 25cm long. (One of the three subdivision of the small intestine)

A

Duodenum

50
Q

The ____ about 2.5 m long extends from the duodenum to the ileum.

A

Jejunum

51
Q

Approximately 3.6m in length joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

A

Ileum

Biology 139 (10 decks)

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