Chapter 17 Flashcards
Erythrocytes normally constitute about 45% of the total volume of a blood sample a percentage known as the ____
Hematocrit
A thin whitish layer called the ____ ___ is present at the erythrocyte plasma junction.
Buffy coat
Blood ___ is a straw colored sticky fluid.
Plasma
____ accounts for some 60% of plasma protein. It acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation is an important blood buffer and is the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure.
Albumin
_____ or ____ ___ ___ are small cells about 7.5 um in diameter. Shaped like biconcave discs flattened discs with depressed centers they appear lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges. (Transport respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide) also have no nuclei or organelles
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
_____ a glycoprotein hormone stimulates the formation of erythrocytes.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Blood cell formation is referred to ____
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis occurs in the ___ __ ___ which is composed largely of a soft network of reticular connective tissue bordering on wide blood capillaries called blood sinusoids.
Red bone marrow
___ is a sticky opaque fluid with a metallic taste
Blood
The pH of arterial blood is ___
7.35-7.45
___ the protein that makes red blood cells red, bind easily and reversibly with oxygen, and most oxygen carried in blood is bound to ___.
Hemoglobin (for both blanks)
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up ___ ____
Formed elements
When oxygen binds iron, the hemoglobin now called ____ assumes a new three dimensional shape and becomes ruby red.
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen detached from iron hemoglobin resumed its former shape and the resulting _____ or reduced hemoglobin become dark red.
Deoxyhemoglobin
About 20% of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combined with hemoglobin but it binds to globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme group. This formation is called ____
Carbaminohemoglobin
Give rise to all formed elements and resides in the red bone marrow.
Hematopoietic stem cell, or hemocytoblast
Erythrocyte production or ______ begins when a hematopoietic stem cell descendant called a myeloid stem cell transforms into a proerythroblast.
Erythropoiesis
The _____ essentially a young erythrocyte so named because it still contains a scant reticulum of clumped ribosomes.
Reticulocyte
___ is a condition in which the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism.
Anemia
__ a yellow pigment that is released to the blood and binds to albumin for transport
Bilirubin
_____ “many blood cells” is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly.
Polycythemia
___ ____ , practiced by some athletes competing in aerobic events is artificially induced polycythemia.
Blood doping
___ or ___ ___ ____ are the only formed elements that are complete cells, with nuclei and the usual organelles.
Leukocytes or white blood cells
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a ___
Thrombus
If the thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream it becomes an __
Embolus
An embolus is usually no problem until it encounters a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through. Then it becomes ____ obstructing the vessel
Embolism
___, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all roughly spherical in shape. They are larger and much shorter lived then erythrocytes.
Granulocytes
____ the most numerous white blood cells account for 50-70% of the WBC population. They are twice as large as erythrocytes. ( phagocytize bacteria)
Neutrophils
___ account for 2-4% of all leukocytes and are approximately the size of neutrophils. (Kills parasitic worms, complex role in allergy/asthma)
Eosinophils
___ are the rarest white blood cells a. Punting for 0.5-1% of the leukocyte population. ( release histamine & other mediators of inflammation contain heparin, anticoagulant)
Basophils
___ accounting for 25% or more of the WBC population are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood. (Mount immune response)
Lymphocytes
___ include lymphocytes and monocytes WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules.
Agranulocytes
___ account for 3-8% of WBCs, they are the largest leukocytes. They abundant pale blue cytoplasm and a darkly staining purple nucleus which is U or kidney shaped.
Monocytes
__ stops the bleeding
Hemostasis
___ are actively phagocytic and they are crucial in the body’s defense against viruses certain intracellular bacterial parasites and chronic infections such as tuberculosis.
Macrophages
___ are about one fourth the diameter of a lymphocyte they are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells called megakaryocytes.(cell fragments)
Platelets
Factors that triggers this ___ ___ include direct injury to vascular smooth muscle chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets and reflexes initiated by local pain receptors
Vascular spasm
Factors that inhibit clotting are called
Anticoagulant
The natural anticoagulant contained in basophils and mast cell granules is also found on the on the surface of endothelial cells.
Heparin
Is an antiprostaglandin drug inhibits thromboxane a2 formation ( blocking platelet aggregation and platelet plug formation)
Aspirin
(Coumadin) reduce the risk of stroke in those prone to atrial fibrillation a condition in which blood pools in the heart.
Warfarin
____ play a key role in hemostasis by aggregating (sticking together) forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall.
Platelets
___ or __ ___ reinforced the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a “molecular glue” for aggregated platelets.
Coagulation or blood clotting
Production of white blood cells is stimulated by chemical messengers
Leukopoiesis
White blood cells are produced through the action of ___ ___ ___.
Colony stimulating factors CSFs
