Chapter 20/21

Question 0

Once interstitial fluids enters the lymphatic vessels it is called ____.

Answer 0

Lymph

Question 1

____ ___ Elaborate networks of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

Answer 1

Lymphatic vessels or lymphatics

Question 2

The transport of lymph begins in microscopic blind ended _______ ____. They are widespread but they are absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow and the entire central nervous system.

Answer 2

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 3

A special set of lymphatic capillaries called ____ transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream.

Answer 3

Lacteals

Question 4

Fatty lymph called ___ drains from the finger like villi of the intestinal mucosa

Answer 4

Chyle

Question 5

The ___ ___ ___ drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax.

Answer 5

Right lymphatic duct

Question 6

The much larger __ ___ receives lymph from the rest of the body.

Answer 6

Thoracic duct

Question 7

The __ ___ that collects lymph from the two large lumber trunks that drain the lower limbs and from the intestinal trunk that drains digestive organs.

Answer 7

Cisterna Chuli

Question 8

___ the main warriors of the immune system arise in red bone marrow

Answer 8

Lymphocytes

Question 9

Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells are _____

Answer 9

Macrophages

Question 10

Spiny looking cells with functions similar to macrophages are ___

Answer 10

Dendritic cells

Question 11

Fibroblast like cells that produce a stroma or network that supports other cell type in lymphoid organs are ____ ___

Answer 11

Reticular cells

Question 12

___ - macrophages destroy microorganism and debris

Answer 12

Filtration

Question 13

The principal lymphoid organs in the body are the ____ ___ which cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body.

Answer 13

Lymph node

Question 14

The soft blood rich _____ is about the size of a fist and is the largest lymphoid organ

Answer 14

Spleen

Question 15

The ____ form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx where they appear as a swellings of the mucosa

Answer 15

Tonsils

Question 16

___ ___ ___ which “police” the body any in blood and lymph are a unique group of defensive cells that can lose and kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

Answer 16

Natural killer cells

Question 17

___ ___ is triggered whenever body tissues are injured by physical trauma intense heat irritating chemicals or infected by viruses fungi or bacteria

Answer 17

Inflammatory response

Question 18

Oversee humoral immunity

Answer 18

B cells

Question 19

__ ___ are non antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cellular arm of adaptive immunity

Answer 19

T lymphocytes T cell

Question 20

____ ___ ____ engulf antigens and then present fragments of them like signal flags on their own surfaces where T cells can recognize them.

Answer 20

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Question 21

____ are substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune responses.

Answer 21

Antigen

Question 22

____ ____ ____ is more like an elite fighting force equipped with high tech weapons to attack particular foreign substances.

Answer 22

Adaptive defense system

Question 23

The ___ ___ is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense.

Answer 23

Immune system

Question 24

___ harmful or disease causing microorganisms

Answer 24

Pathogens

Question 25

The ___ ___ ___ like a lowly foot soldier is always prepared responding within minutes to protect the body from all foreign substances.

Answer 25

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

Question 26

___ are complement proteins or antibodies that provide “handles” to which phagocyte receptors can bind.

Answer 26

Opsonins

Question 27

Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins a process called _____ (to make tasty) which greatly accelerate phagocytosis of that pathogen.

Answer 27

Opsonization

Question 28

The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local ____ (congestion with blood) that occurs when local arterioles dilate.

Answer 28

Hyperemia

Question 29

The four cardinal signs of short term or acute inflammation are

Answer 29

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 30

Infected cells can do little to save themselves but some can secrete small proteins called ___ to help protect cells that have not yet been infected

Answer 30

Interferons

Question 31

The term ___ ___ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.

Answer 31

Complement system

Question 32

___ the increase in white blood cells is characteristic of inflammation.

Answer 32

Leukocytosis

Question 33

Continued chemical signaling prompts the neutrophils to flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls a process called ___

Answer 33

Diapedesis

Question 34

Most cells of the clone differentiate into ___ ___ the antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response.

Answer 34

Plasma cells

Question 35

Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become long lived __ ___. They can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future

Answer 35

Memory cells

Question 36

The troublesome small molecule is called a ___ or incomplete antigen.

Answer 36

Hapten

Question 37

Only certain parts of the antigen called ___ _____ are immunogenic.

Answer 37

Antigenic determinants

Question 38

____ ___ is an important component of the immune system because it houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes & furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes & macrophages

Answer 38

Lymphoid tissue

Question 39

___ ___ ___ the body’s built in specific defensive system that stalks and eliminates with nearly equal precision almost any type of pathogen that intruded into the body.

Answer 39

Adaptive immune system

Question 40

___ ____ is provided by antibodies present in the body’s humors or fluids (blood, lymph)

Answer 40

Humoral immunity

Question 41

___ or abnormally high body temperature is a systemic response to invading microorganisms

Answer 41

Fever

Question 42

When leukocyte sand macrophages are exposed to foreign substances in the body they release chemicals called ___. They act on the body’s thermostat a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus raising the body temp above normal.

Answer 42

Pyrogens

Question 43

The ___ ____ involves antibodies water soluble protein molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off foreign invaders.

Answer 43

Classical pathway

Question 44

The ___ ___ involves lectins water soluble protein molecules that the innate immune system produces to recognize foreign invaders

Answer 44

Lectin pathway

Question 45

The ___ ___ is triggered when spontaneously activated C3 and other complement factors interact on the surface of microorganisms

Answer 45

Alternative pathway

Question 46

Cell lysis begins when C3b binds to the target cells surface and triggers the insertion of a group of complement proteins called ____ into the cells membrane. (Form and stabilizes a hole in the membrane that allows a massive influx of water losing the target cell)

Answer 46

MAC (membrane attack complex)

Question 47

This army of identical cells all descended from the same ancestor cell is called ____

Answer 47

Clone

Question 48

Most members of the clone become ___ ____ the cells that actually do the work of fighting infection.

Answer 48

Effector cells