Chapter 20/21 Flashcards
Once interstitial fluids enters the lymphatic vessels it is called ____.
Lymph
____ ___ Elaborate networks of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic vessels or lymphatics
The transport of lymph begins in microscopic blind ended _______ ____. They are widespread but they are absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow and the entire central nervous system.
Lymphatic capillaries
A special set of lymphatic capillaries called ____ transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream.
Lacteals
Fatty lymph called ___ drains from the finger like villi of the intestinal mucosa
Chyle
The ___ ___ ___ drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax.
Right lymphatic duct
The much larger __ ___ receives lymph from the rest of the body.
Thoracic duct
The __ ___ that collects lymph from the two large lumber trunks that drain the lower limbs and from the intestinal trunk that drains digestive organs.
Cisterna Chuli
___ the main warriors of the immune system arise in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells are _____
Macrophages
Spiny looking cells with functions similar to macrophages are ___
Dendritic cells
Fibroblast like cells that produce a stroma or network that supports other cell type in lymphoid organs are ____ ___
Reticular cells
___ - macrophages destroy microorganism and debris
Filtration
The principal lymphoid organs in the body are the ____ ___ which cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body.
Lymph node
The soft blood rich _____ is about the size of a fist and is the largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
The ____ form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx where they appear as a swellings of the mucosa
Tonsils
___ ___ ___ which “police” the body any in blood and lymph are a unique group of defensive cells that can lose and kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
Natural killer cells
___ ___ is triggered whenever body tissues are injured by physical trauma intense heat irritating chemicals or infected by viruses fungi or bacteria
Inflammatory response
Oversee humoral immunity
B cells
__ ___ are non antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cellular arm of adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes T cell
____ ___ ____ engulf antigens and then present fragments of them like signal flags on their own surfaces where T cells can recognize them.
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
____ are substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune responses.
Antigen
____ ____ ____ is more like an elite fighting force equipped with high tech weapons to attack particular foreign substances.
Adaptive defense system
The ___ ___ is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense.
Immune system
___ harmful or disease causing microorganisms
Pathogens
The ___ ___ ___ like a lowly foot soldier is always prepared responding within minutes to protect the body from all foreign substances.
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
___ are complement proteins or antibodies that provide “handles” to which phagocyte receptors can bind.
Opsonins
Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins a process called _____ (to make tasty) which greatly accelerate phagocytosis of that pathogen.
Opsonization
The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local ____ (congestion with blood) that occurs when local arterioles dilate.
Hyperemia
The four cardinal signs of short term or acute inflammation are
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Infected cells can do little to save themselves but some can secrete small proteins called ___ to help protect cells that have not yet been infected
Interferons
The term ___ ___ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
Complement system
___ the increase in white blood cells is characteristic of inflammation.
Leukocytosis
Continued chemical signaling prompts the neutrophils to flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls a process called ___
Diapedesis
Most cells of the clone differentiate into ___ ___ the antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response.
Plasma cells
Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become long lived __ ___. They can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future
Memory cells
The troublesome small molecule is called a ___ or incomplete antigen.
Hapten
Only certain parts of the antigen called ___ _____ are immunogenic.
Antigenic determinants
____ ___ is an important component of the immune system because it houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes & furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes & macrophages
Lymphoid tissue
___ ___ ___ the body’s built in specific defensive system that stalks and eliminates with nearly equal precision almost any type of pathogen that intruded into the body.
Adaptive immune system
___ ____ is provided by antibodies present in the body’s humors or fluids (blood, lymph)
Humoral immunity
___ or abnormally high body temperature is a systemic response to invading microorganisms
Fever
When leukocyte sand macrophages are exposed to foreign substances in the body they release chemicals called ___. They act on the body’s thermostat a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus raising the body temp above normal.
Pyrogens
The ___ ____ involves antibodies water soluble protein molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off foreign invaders.
Classical pathway
The ___ ___ involves lectins water soluble protein molecules that the innate immune system produces to recognize foreign invaders
Lectin pathway
The ___ ___ is triggered when spontaneously activated C3 and other complement factors interact on the surface of microorganisms
Alternative pathway
Cell lysis begins when C3b binds to the target cells surface and triggers the insertion of a group of complement proteins called ____ into the cells membrane. (Form and stabilizes a hole in the membrane that allows a massive influx of water losing the target cell)
MAC (membrane attack complex)
This army of identical cells all descended from the same ancestor cell is called ____
Clone
Most members of the clone become ___ ____ the cells that actually do the work of fighting infection.
Effector cells
