Chapter 22 Flashcards
Air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed.
Pulmonary ventilation
The major function of the ____ ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.
Respiratory system
Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.
External respiration
Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs.
Transport of respiratory gases
Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood.
Internal respiration
The actual site of gas exchange is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.
Respiratory zone
The ___ __ includes all other respiratory passageways, which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites. Also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air.
Conducting zone
The external openings of the nose, the ____ or ____ are bounded laterally by the flared alae. During breathing, air enters the cavity by passing through the ___ or ___.
Nostrils or nares
The internal ___ ___ lies in and posterior to the external nose.
Nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided by a midline ___ ____, formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Nasal septum
The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the ___ ___ ___
Posterior nasal apertures also called Choanae
The floor is formed by the ____ which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below.
Palate
Anteriorly where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones it is called the ___ ____
Hard palate
The unsupported posterior portion is the muscular ___ ____
Soft palate
The part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils called the ___ ____ is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles.
Nasal vestibule
The hairs or ____ filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air.
Vibrissae
The ____ ___ is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands
Respiratory mucosa
The small patch of ___ ___ lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors in its olfactory epithelium.
Olfactory mucosa
____ ___ ___ contains mucus secreting mucus cells and serous cells that secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes.
Seromucous nasal glands
Protruding medically from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are three scroll like mucosa covered projections the superior middle and inferior ___ ____. Function during inhalation to filter hear and moisten the air Alain during exhalation to reclaim this heat & moisture.
Nasal conchae
The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ___ ____. They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & maxillary bones.
Paranasal sinuses
The funnel-shaped ___ connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Commonly called the throat it resembles a short length of garden hose as it extends for about 13cm from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
Pharynx
The ____ lies posterior to the oral cavity & is continuous with it through an archway called the Isthmus of the fauces.
Oropharynx
The paired ___ ____ lie embedded in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa just posterior to the oral cavity.
Palating tonsils
The ___ ___ covers the posterior surface of the tongue.
Lingual tonsil
The oropharynx about it the ___ served as a passageway for food and air is lined with the stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
The ___ or voice box extends for about 5 xm from the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae.
Larynx
The large shield shaped ___ ___ is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates
Thyroid cartilage
The midline __ ___ which marks the fusion point is obvious externally as the Adam’s apple.
Laryngeal prominence
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ring shaped ___ ____ perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly.
Cricoid cartilage
Form part of the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx, pyramid shaped which anchor the vocal folds.
Arytenoid cuneiform
The ninth cartilage the flexible spoon shaped _____ is composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud containing mucosa.
Epiglottis
Lying under the laryngeal mucosa on each side are the ___ ____ which attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage.
Vocal ligaments
These ligaments composed largely of elastic fibers form the core of mucosal folds called ____ ____ which appear pearly white because they lack blood vessels. (Producing sound)
Vocal folds
The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passed are called
Glottis
Superior to the vocal folds is a similar pair of mucosal folds called the ___ ___ . They play no direct part in sound production but help to close the glottis when we swallow.
Vestibular folds
Inflammation of the vocal folds or _____ causes the vocal folds to swell interfering with their vibration.
Laryngitis
The ____ or windpipe descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum
Trachea
The ___ has the same goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract.
Mucosa
The ____ a connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa contains seromucous glands that help produce the mucus sheets within the trachea
Submucosa
The submucosa is by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage encased by the _____ the outermost layer of connective tissue.
Adventitia
The open posterior parts of the cartilage rings which abut the esophagus are connected by smooth muscle fibers of the ____ & by soft connective tissue
Trachealis
The last tracheal cartilage is expanded and a spar of cartilage called the ___ projects posteriorly from its inner face marking the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi
Carina
The air passageways in the lungs branch and branch again about 23 times overall in a pattern often called the ___ ____
Bronchial tree
The trachea divided to form the __ & ___ ___ ____ approximately at the level of T7 in an erect person.
Right & left main bronchi
Once inside the lungs each main bronchus subdivides into ___ ____ three on the right and two on the left each supplying one lung lobe.
Lobar bronchi
The lobar bronchi branch into third order ___ ___ which divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi.
Segmental bronchi
Passages smaller than 1mm in diameter are called
Bronchioles
The tiniest of these the ___ ___ are less than 0.5mm in diameter.
Terminal bronchioles
Defined by the presence of thin walled air sacs called ____
Alveoli
The respiratory zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into ___ ____ within the lung.
respiratory bronchioles
The respiratory bronchioles lead into winding ___ ___ whose walls consist of diffusely arranged rings of smooth muscle cells connective tissue fibers and outpocketing alveoli.
Alveolar ducts
The alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters of alveoli called
Alveolar sacs
The walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called ___ _ ____ ____ surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane
Type 1 alveolar cells
Together the capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes form the ______ ____ a 0.5- um- thick blood air barrier that has blood flowing past on one side and gas on the other.
Respiratory membrane
__ _ ___ ___ secrete a fluid containing a detergent like substance called surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces.
Type II alveolar cells
___ ___ connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease
Alveolar pores
Each cone shaped lung is surrounded by pleurae and connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchial attachments collectively called the lung _____
Root
The anterior lateral and posterior lung surfaces lie in close contact with the ribs and form the continuously curving ___ ___.
Costal surface
Just deep to the clavicle is the ___ the narrow superior tip of the lung.
Apex
The concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm is the ___
Base
On the mediastinal surface of each lung is an indentation the ___, through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs.
Hilum
The left lung is smaller than the right and the ___ ___ a concavity in its medial aspect is molded to and accommodates the heart.
Cardiac notch
The left lung is subdivided into superior and inferior ___ by the oblique fissure.
Lobes
The right lung is partitioned into superior middle and inferior lobes by the __ & __ ___.
Oblique & horizontal fissures.
Each love contains a number of pyramid shaped ___ ___ separated from one another by connective tissue septa.
Bronchopulmonary segments
The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the ___ which appear at the lung surface as hexagons ranging from the size of a pencil eraser to the size of a penny.
Lobules
The balance of lung tissue or its ___ it’s mostly elastic connective tissue
Stroma
Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the ___ ____ which lie anterior to the main bronchi.
Pulmonary arteries
The ___ ___ convey the freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone of the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary veins
In contrast to the pulmonary circulation the ___ ___ provide oxygenated systematic blood to lung tissue.
Bronchial Arteries
These nerve fibers enter each lung through the ___ ___ on the lung root and run along the bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs
Pulmonary plexus
The ___ form a thin doubled layered serosa.
Pleurae
The layer called the __ ___ covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm
Parietal pleura
Cover the external lung surface dipping into and lining it’s fissures.
Visceral pleura
This lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements.
Pleural fluid
Inflammation of the pleural often results from pneumonia
Pleurisy
The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or phrased another way keeps the lungs from collapsing
Transpulmonary pressure
___ ___ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body.
Atmospheric pressure
The __ __ is the pressure in the alveoli
Intrapulmonary pressure
The pressure in the pleural cavity is
Intrapleural pressure
__ or lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged (as May follow pneumonia)
Atelectasis
The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a ____ and is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tube.
Pneumothorax
___ ___ gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas: at constant temperature the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.
Boyle’s Law
Healthy lungs are unbelievably stretchy and this distensibility is called ___ ___. It’s a change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.
Lung compliance
Alveolar film also contains __ __ a detergent like complex of lipids and proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells
Surfactant
This unequal attraction produced a state of tension at the liquid surface called ___ ___
Surface tension
The air ONLY passageway
Nasopharynx
The period when air flows into the lungs is __
Inspiration
