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Biology 139 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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0
Q

Air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed.

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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1
Q

The major function of the ____ ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.

A

External respiration

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3
Q

Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs.

A

Transport of respiratory gases

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4
Q

Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood.

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

The actual site of gas exchange is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.

A

Respiratory zone

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6
Q

The ___ __ includes all other respiratory passageways, which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites. Also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air.

A

Conducting zone

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7
Q

The external openings of the nose, the ____ or ____ are bounded laterally by the flared alae. During breathing, air enters the cavity by passing through the ___ or ___.

A

Nostrils or nares

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8
Q

The internal ___ ___ lies in and posterior to the external nose.

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

The nasal cavity is divided by a midline ___ ____, formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

A

Nasal septum

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10
Q

The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the ___ ___ ___

A

Posterior nasal apertures also called Choanae

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11
Q

The floor is formed by the ____ which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below.

A

Palate

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12
Q

Anteriorly where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones it is called the ___ ____

A

Hard palate

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13
Q

The unsupported posterior portion is the muscular ___ ____

A

Soft palate

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14
Q

The part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils called the ___ ____ is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles.

A

Nasal vestibule

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15
Q

The hairs or ____ filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air.

A

Vibrissae

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16
Q

The ____ ___ is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands

A

Respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

The small patch of ___ ___ lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors in its olfactory epithelium.

A

Olfactory mucosa

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18
Q

____ ___ ___ contains mucus secreting mucus cells and serous cells that secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes.

A

Seromucous nasal glands

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19
Q

Protruding medically from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are three scroll like mucosa covered projections the superior middle and inferior ___ ____. Function during inhalation to filter hear and moisten the air Alain during exhalation to reclaim this heat & moisture.

A

Nasal conchae

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20
Q

The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ___ ____. They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & maxillary bones.

A

Paranasal sinuses

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21
Q

The funnel-shaped ___ connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Commonly called the throat it resembles a short length of garden hose as it extends for about 13cm from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

The ____ lies posterior to the oral cavity & is continuous with it through an archway called the Isthmus of the fauces.

A

Oropharynx

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23
Q

The paired ___ ____ lie embedded in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa just posterior to the oral cavity.

A

Palating tonsils

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24
Q

The ___ ___ covers the posterior surface of the tongue.

A

Lingual tonsil

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25
Q

The oropharynx about it the ___ served as a passageway for food and air is lined with the stratified squamous epithelium

A

Laryngopharynx

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26
Q

The ___ or voice box extends for about 5 xm from the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae.

A

Larynx

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27
Q

The large shield shaped ___ ___ is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates

A

Thyroid cartilage

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28
Q

The midline __ ___ which marks the fusion point is obvious externally as the Adam’s apple.

A

Laryngeal prominence

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29
Q

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ring shaped ___ ____ perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly.

A

Cricoid cartilage

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30
Q

Form part of the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx, pyramid shaped which anchor the vocal folds.

A

Arytenoid cuneiform

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31
Q

The ninth cartilage the flexible spoon shaped _____ is composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud containing mucosa.

A

Epiglottis

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32
Q

Lying under the laryngeal mucosa on each side are the ___ ____ which attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage.

A

Vocal ligaments

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33
Q

These ligaments composed largely of elastic fibers form the core of mucosal folds called ____ ____ which appear pearly white because they lack blood vessels. (Producing sound)

A

Vocal folds

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34
Q

The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passed are called

A

Glottis

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35
Q

Superior to the vocal folds is a similar pair of mucosal folds called the ___ ___ . They play no direct part in sound production but help to close the glottis when we swallow.

A

Vestibular folds

36
Q

Inflammation of the vocal folds or _____ causes the vocal folds to swell interfering with their vibration.

A

Laryngitis

37
Q

The ____ or windpipe descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum

A

Trachea

38
Q

The ___ has the same goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract.

A

Mucosa

39
Q

The ____ a connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa contains seromucous glands that help produce the mucus sheets within the trachea

A

Submucosa

40
Q

The submucosa is by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage encased by the _____ the outermost layer of connective tissue.

A

Adventitia

41
Q

The open posterior parts of the cartilage rings which abut the esophagus are connected by smooth muscle fibers of the ____ & by soft connective tissue

A

Trachealis

42
Q

The last tracheal cartilage is expanded and a spar of cartilage called the ___ projects posteriorly from its inner face marking the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi

A

Carina

43
Q

The air passageways in the lungs branch and branch again about 23 times overall in a pattern often called the ___ ____

A

Bronchial tree

44
Q

The trachea divided to form the __ & ___ ___ ____ approximately at the level of T7 in an erect person.

A

Right & left main bronchi

45
Q

Once inside the lungs each main bronchus subdivides into ___ ____ three on the right and two on the left each supplying one lung lobe.

A

Lobar bronchi

46
Q

The lobar bronchi branch into third order ___ ___ which divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi.

A

Segmental bronchi

47
Q

Passages smaller than 1mm in diameter are called

A

Bronchioles

48
Q

The tiniest of these the ___ ___ are less than 0.5mm in diameter.

A

Terminal bronchioles

49
Q

Defined by the presence of thin walled air sacs called ____

A

Alveoli

50
Q

The respiratory zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into ___ ____ within the lung.

A

respiratory bronchioles

51
Q

The respiratory bronchioles lead into winding ___ ___ whose walls consist of diffusely arranged rings of smooth muscle cells connective tissue fibers and outpocketing alveoli.

A

Alveolar ducts

52
Q

The alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters of alveoli called

A

Alveolar sacs

53
Q

The walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called ___ _ ____ ____ surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

54
Q

Together the capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes form the ______ ____ a 0.5- um- thick blood air barrier that has blood flowing past on one side and gas on the other.

A

Respiratory membrane

55
Q

__ _ ___ ___ secrete a fluid containing a detergent like substance called surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces.

A

Type II alveolar cells

56
Q

___ ___ connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease

A

Alveolar pores

57
Q

Each cone shaped lung is surrounded by pleurae and connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchial attachments collectively called the lung _____

A

Root

58
Q

The anterior lateral and posterior lung surfaces lie in close contact with the ribs and form the continuously curving ___ ___.

A

Costal surface

59
Q

Just deep to the clavicle is the ___ the narrow superior tip of the lung.

A

Apex

60
Q

The concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm is the ___

A

Base

61
Q

On the mediastinal surface of each lung is an indentation the ___, through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs.

A

Hilum

62
Q

The left lung is smaller than the right and the ___ ___ a concavity in its medial aspect is molded to and accommodates the heart.

A

Cardiac notch

63
Q

The left lung is subdivided into superior and inferior ___ by the oblique fissure.

A

Lobes

64
Q

The right lung is partitioned into superior middle and inferior lobes by the __ & __ ___.

A

Oblique & horizontal fissures.

65
Q

Each love contains a number of pyramid shaped ___ ___ separated from one another by connective tissue septa.

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

66
Q

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the ___ which appear at the lung surface as hexagons ranging from the size of a pencil eraser to the size of a penny.

A

Lobules

67
Q

The balance of lung tissue or its ___ it’s mostly elastic connective tissue

A

Stroma

68
Q

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the ___ ____ which lie anterior to the main bronchi.

A

Pulmonary arteries

69
Q

The ___ ___ convey the freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone of the lungs to the heart.

A

Pulmonary veins

70
Q

In contrast to the pulmonary circulation the ___ ___ provide oxygenated systematic blood to lung tissue.

A

Bronchial Arteries

71
Q

These nerve fibers enter each lung through the ___ ___ on the lung root and run along the bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs

A

Pulmonary plexus

72
Q

The ___ form a thin doubled layered serosa.

A

Pleurae

73
Q

The layer called the __ ___ covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

74
Q

Cover the external lung surface dipping into and lining it’s fissures.

A

Visceral pleura

75
Q

This lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements.

A

Pleural fluid

76
Q

Inflammation of the pleural often results from pneumonia

A

Pleurisy

77
Q

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or phrased another way keeps the lungs from collapsing

A

Transpulmonary pressure

78
Q

___ ___ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body.

A

Atmospheric pressure

79
Q

The __ __ is the pressure in the alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

80
Q

The pressure in the pleural cavity is

A

Intrapleural pressure

81
Q

__ or lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged (as May follow pneumonia)

A

Atelectasis

82
Q

The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a ____ and is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tube.

A

Pneumothorax

83
Q

___ ___ gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas: at constant temperature the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

A

Boyle’s Law

84
Q

Healthy lungs are unbelievably stretchy and this distensibility is called ___ ___. It’s a change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.

A

Lung compliance

85
Q

Alveolar film also contains __ __ a detergent like complex of lipids and proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells

A

Surfactant

86
Q

This unequal attraction produced a state of tension at the liquid surface called ___ ___

A

Surface tension

87
Q

The air ONLY passageway

A

Nasopharynx

88
Q

The period when air flows into the lungs is __

A

Inspiration

Biology 139 (10 decks)

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