Chapter 22 - Thyroid Fill in The Blanks

Question 1

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the __________ arteries and __________ veins.

Answer 1

carotid, jugular

Question 2

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the __________ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Answer 2

strap

Question 3

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the __________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 3

posterior medial

Question 4

The parathyroid glands are the ___________ organs in the body.

Answer 4

calcium-sensing

Question 5

The parathyroid glands produce __________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

Answer 5

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

When the serum calcium level ___________, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

PTH acts on ___________, __________, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 7

bone, kidney

Question 8

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by __________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

Answer 8

hypercalcemia

Question 9

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) __________, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 9

adenoma

Question 10

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is __________ hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 10

secondary

Question 11

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ___________, ___________, and ___________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 11

metabolism, growth, and development

Question 12

These hormones include triiodothyronine (__________), thyroxine (__________), and __________.

Answer 12

T3, T4, and calcitonin

Question 13

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is __________ metabolism.

Answer 13

iodine

Question 14

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (__________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 14

TSH

Question 15

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the __________.

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by __________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 16

calcitonin

Question 17

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either __________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 17

hypothyroidism

Question 18

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by ___________.

Answer 18

nuclear medicine

Question 19

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) __________, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 19

goiter

Question 20

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is __________.

Answer 20

multinodular goiter

Question 21

__________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 21

Graves’ disease

Question 22

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) __________.

Answer 22

adenoma

Question 23

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is __________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 23

papillary cancer

Question 24

The normal thyroid gland has a fine __________ echotexture that is more echogenic that the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 24

homogeneous

Question 25

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 25

homogeneous

Question 26

The ___________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 26

longus colli

Question 27

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased __________; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 27

hyperthyroidism