Chapter 22 - The Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Question 1

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

Answer 1

adenoma

Question 2

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

Answer 2

anaplastic carcinoma

Question 3

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

Answer 3

branchial cleft cyst

Question 4

a thyroid hormone that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

Answer 4

calcitonin

Question 5

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

Answer 5

euthyroid

Question 6

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

Answer 6

fine-needle aspiration

Question 7

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

Answer 7

follicular carcinoma

Question 8

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

Answer 8

goiter

Question 9

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and cutaneous manifestations

Answer 9

Graves’ disease

Question 10

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

Answer 10

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 11

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

Answer 11

hyperparathyroidism

Question 12

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 12

hyperthyroidism

Question 13

low phosphatase level, which can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 13

hypophosphatasia

Question 14

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 14

hypothyroidism

Question 15

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

Answer 15

isthmus

Question 16

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Answer 16

longus colli muscle

Question 17

disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Answer 17

lymphadenopathy

Question 18

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

Answer 18

medullary carcinoma

Question 19

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

Answer 19

microcalcifications

Question 20

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

multinodular goiter

Question 21

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

Answer 21

nodular hyperplasia

Question 22

most common form of thyroid malignancy

Answer 22

papillary carcinoma

Question 23

a hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium levels

Answer 23

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 24

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

Answer 24

parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 25

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

Answer 25

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 26

present in a small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

Answer 26

pyramidal lobe

Question 27

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

Answer 27

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 28

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 28

serum calcium

Question 29

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

Answer 29

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 30

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lie anterior to the thyroid

Answer 30

strap muscles

Question 31

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

Answer 31

subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

Question 32

congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

Answer 32

thyroglossal duct cysts

Question 33

inflammation of the thyroid

Answer 33

thyroiditis

Question 34

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 34

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)