CHAPTER 22 (HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS) Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The study of organic compounds
Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called
Hydrocarbons
Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen atoms are the only atoms that can bond to the carbon atoms in a Hydrogen
False
what is true about carbons ability to form bonds.
1.) Carbon atoms have four valance electrons
2.) Carbon atoms always form three covalent bonds
3.) Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other Carbon atoms.
1.)Carbon atoms have four valance electrons
3.) Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other Carbon atoms.
Is the following sentence true or false? Albanese contain only single covalent bonds
True
What is the simplest alkane
Ethane
What are straight-chain alkanes
A saturated hydrocarbon that contains any number of atoms arranged one after the other in a chain
The names of all alkanes end in the suffix
Ane
How many carbon atoms does each straight chain alkane contain?
1.) Nonane
2.) Propane
3.) Heptane
4.) Butane
1.) 9
2.) 3
3.) 7
4.) 4
The straight chain alkanes form an ____________ because there is an incremental change of a CH2 group from one compound in the series to the next
Homologous series
What is a condensed structural formula for pentane?
A.) C⁵H¹²
B.) CH³CH²CH²CH²CH³
C.) CH³(CH²)³CH³
D.) C-C-C-C-C
B
C
D
The IUPAC system uses __________ to show the number of carbon atoms in a straight chain alkane
Prefexis
A _____________ is an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon molecule
Substituent
Alkyl groups are named by removing the -ane ending of the parent hydrocarbon and adding _______
-yl
What is a branched-chain alkane?
An alkane with one or more alkyl groups
What is the correct IUPAC name?
CH³ CH³
| |
CH³-C-CH²-CH-CH³
|
CH³
2,2,4 trimethylpentane
Draw a condensed structural formula for 2 - methylhexane
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
| | | | | |
H H.H H H H
Why are hydrocarbon molecules such as alkanes nonpolar?
Because the electron pair in a carbon-hydrogen or carbon carbon bond is shared equally by the nucli of the atoms involved
Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar molecules are not attracted to ________
Water or polar molecules
What is an alkene?
Hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon carbon double covalent bonds
Organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atoms are called _____________ compounds
Saturated
Which family of hydrocarbons are always saturated compounds?
Alkanes
Is the following question true or false? Rotation can occur around a carbon-carbon double bond
False
Hydrocarbons that contain one or more _____________ covalent bonds between carbons are called alkynes
Carbon-Carbon triple
___________ is the most simplest alkyne, and is also known by the common name _________
Ethyne, acetylene
Circle the letter of each compound that is an aliphatic compound
1.) 1-butane
2.) Acetylene
3.) 2-methylpropane
A, B and C
What are the major attractive forces between alkane, alkene, or alkyne molecules?
The major forces are weak van der waals forces
Is the following sentence true or false? The angle between the carbon atoms in a carbon-carbon triple bond is 120°
False
What are structural isomers?
They are compounds that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are joined together in a different order
Is the following sentence true or false? Structural isomers have the same physical properties
False
How many structural isomers are there for C⁴H¹⁰
2
Name the structural isomers of C⁴H¹⁰
Butane and 2-methylpropane
In general, what determines which of two structural isomers will have the lower boiling point.
The more highly branched structure
Stereoisomers differ only in the ________________________
Position of their atoms
What two things need to be present for geometric isomers to exist
A double bond
At least 1 substituent on each carbon of the double bond
Objects that are ______________ will produce a reflection that is indistinguishable from the original object
Symmetrical
Mirror images of a right hand and a left hand cannot be ___________
Superimposed
What is an asymmetrical carbon
A carbon with four different atoms or group
Is the following sentence true or false? The relationship of optical isomers is similar to that between right and left hands
True
Circle the two asymmetrical carbons in the structure shown below
CH³-CH²-CH²-CH-CH-CH-CH³
| | |
CH²CH³CH³
|
CH³
Hearts indicate circles
CH³-CH²-CH²-♥︎CH-CH♥︎-CH-CH³
| | |
CH²CH³CH³
|
CH³
What is a cyclic hydrocarbon
Compounds that contain a hydrocarbon rings
The most abundant cyclic hydrocarbons conatin ________ or _______ carbons
5, 6
Is the following sentence true or false cyclic hydrocarbons that contain only single carbon - carbon bonds are called cycloalkanes
True
What is the origin of the name aromatic compounds
Many aromatic compounds have pleasant odors
Benzene has the chemical formula __________
C⁶H⁶
Is the following sentence true or false? Any substance that has carbon-carbon bonding like that of benzene is called an aromatic compound
True
Another name for an aromatic compound is _________
Arene
What does it mean to say that benzene exhibits resonance?
Two equally valid structures can be drawn for benzene
Molecules that exhibit resonance are more _________ than similar Molecules that do not exhibit resonance
Stable
The actual bonds in a benzene ring are identical _________ of single and double bonds
Hybrids
When ________ is a substitute on an alkane, it is called a phenyl group
Benzene
Derivatives of benzene that have _________ substituents are called disubstituted benzenes
Two
Why do disubstituted benzenes always have three structural isomers?
There are three possible positions for the two substituents
Match the terms for naming a disubstituted benzene with the substituent positions they may represent
____ meta. A.) 1,2
____ ortho. B.) 1,3
____ para. C.) 1,4
B.) 1,3 meta.
A.) 1,2 ortho.
C.) 1,4 para.
What is another name for the dimethylbenzenes?
Xylenes
What are fossil fuels
They are carbon based fuels derived from the decay of organisms
List three factors needed to produce fossil fuels from organic residue
1.) Pressure
2.) Bacterial action
3.) Heat
Petroleum and natural gas contain mostly _________ hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
What are the four main components of natural gas?
Methane, ethane, propane and butane
Which noble Gas is found in natural gas?
Helium
Fill in the missing reactents and products in the equation for the combustion of methane
CH⁴ + 2 _____ (g) —> ____ (g) + 2 ____ (g) + heat
CH⁴ + 2 O2 (g) —> CO2 (g) + 2 h2O (g) + heat
Propane and butane are sold in ______ form to be used as ________ fuels
Liquid, heating
_________ combustion of a hydrocarbon produces a blue flame
________ combustion produces a yellow flame
Complete, incomplete
What toxic gas is formed during incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon
Carbon monoxide ( CO )
The first oil well was drilled in _________ in the late 1850s
Pennsylvania
Is the following sentence true or false? Petroleum is commercially useful without refining
False
How is Petroleum refined?
It is refined by fractional distillation. Compounds are collected according to their boiling points
Circle the letter of the distillation fraction that represents the highest percent of crude oil
A.) Natural gas
B.) Gasoline
C.) Kerosene
D.) Lubricating oil
B.( gasoline
Using a catalyst and heat to break hydrocarbons down into smaller molecules is called ________
Cracking
_________ is the intermediate material that Is the first stage in coal formation
Peat
Name the three types of coal and the carbon content of each
A.) Lignite about 50 %
B.) Bituminous, 70-80 %
C.) Anthracite > 80 %
Is the following sentence true or false? Coal Mines in North America are usually at least one kilometer below earth’s surface
False
Coal consists primarily of __________ compounds of extremely high molar mass
Aromatic
Aromatic compounds produce more _______ when burned than do __________ fuels
Soot, aliphatic
What major air pollutants are produced by burning coal that contains sulfur?
SO² AND SO³
List four products that can be obtained by distilling coal
Gas
Coke
Coal tar
Ammonia
