Chapter 22 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the major function of the respiratory system
A
respiration
2
Q
in simple terms what is respiration
A
supply blood with O2 for cellular respiration, dispose of CO2
3
Q
what is the cellular respiration formula
A
C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
4
Q
how many processes does cellular respiration have?
A
4
5
Q
what systems do cellular respiration involve
A
respiratory and circular
6
Q
what are the other functions of respiration
A
olfactory and speech
7
Q
what two processes are in the respiratory system
A
pulmonary ventilation,
external respiration
8
Q
what two processes are in the circulatory system
A
transport, internal respiration
9
Q
what is pulmonary ventilation?
A
(breathing)-movement of air into and outof lungs
10
Q
what is external respiration
A
-O2 and CO2exchange between lungs and blood
11
Q
what is transport
A
O2 and CO2 in blood, inhale O2 and exhale CO2 which needs to be transported
12
Q
what is internal respiration
A
-O2 and CO2exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues
13
Q
what major organs are involved in the respiratory system
A
nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli
14
Q
what is the respiratory zone
A
site of gas exchange
15
Q
what structures are in the respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
16
Q
what is the conducting zone
A
conduits to gas exchange sites get gas to the exchange sites
17
Q
what structures are in the conducting zones
A
all other respiratory structures
18
Q
what do the structures in the conducting zone do
A
cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
19
Q
what promotes ventilation in the respiratory system
A
diaphragm and other repsiratory muscles
20
Q
what does the nose do
A
Provides an airway for respiration,
Moistens and warms entering air,
Filters and cleans inspired air,
Serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
21
Q
how many regions does the nose have
A
2
22
Q
what are the 2 nose regions
A
external nose, and nasal cavity
23
Q
what structures are in the external nose
A
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
24
Q
what are the 2 regions of the external nose
A
philtrum and nostrils (nares)
25
what is the philtrum
shallow vertical groove inferior to apex
26
what is the nostril
bounded laterally by alae
27
what is the nasal cavity
within and posterior to external nose
28
what divides the middle of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
29
what opens to the nasopharynx in the nasal cavity
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
30
what is at the roof of the mouth
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
31
what is the hard palate made of
bone
32
what is the soft palate made of
muscle
33
what is the nasal vestibule
nasal cavity superior to nostrils
34
what is in the nasal vestibule
vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air
35
what is the nasal cavity lined with
olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa
36
what does olfactory mucosa contain
olfactory epithelium
37
what type of cells are in the respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
38
what do the respiratory mucosa have contain
Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
39
what does the cilia in the respiratory mucosa do
move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
40
what do respiratory mucosa do to warm air
Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
41
what triggers sneezes in the respiratory mucosa
sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa
42
what are the pharyngeal tonsils also called
adenoids
43
how many nasal choncae are there
3
44
what are the 3 nasal conchae
superior, middle and inferior
45
where are the conchae
protrude medially from lateral walls
46
what do the nasal conchae do
increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence
47
what is the nasal meatus
groove inferior to each concha
48
what are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air
49
what do the conchae and nasal mucosa do during exhalation
reclaim heat and moisture
50
where are the paranasal sinuses
the spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
51
what do the paranasal sinuses do
lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm and moisten air
52
what is rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
53
what happens when someone has rhinitis
nasal mucosa continuous with mucosa of respiratory tract-> spreads from nose-> throat-> chest
54
where does the mucosa spread to in rhinitis
spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses causing Blocked sinus passageways -> air absorbed -> vacuum ->sinus headache
55
what is the muscular tube from base of skill to C6
pharynx
56
what does the pharynx connect
nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
57
what type of muscle is the pharynx composed of
skeletal muscle
58
what are the three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
59
what is the nasopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
60
what is the nasopharynx lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
61
what closes the nasopharynx during swallowing
soft palate and uvula
62
what is apart of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotypanic
63
what are the pharyngeal tonsils
on posterior wall the ones you would get removed
64
what are the pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls
65
what is the oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
66
what is lining the oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
67
what three things are apart of the oropharynx
isthmus of fauces, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
68
what is the isthmus of fauces
opening to oral cavity
69
what are the palantine tonsils
in lateral walls of fauces
70
what are the lingual tonsils
on posterior surface of tongue
71
what is the laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
72
where is the laryngopharynx
posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where continuous with esophagus
73
what is the laryngopharynx lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
74
what does the larynx attach to
hyoid bone, opens to laryngopharynx, continuous with trachea
75
functions of the larynx
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Houses vocal folds
76
how many cartilages make up the larynx
9
77
where are the vocal ligaments
deep to laryngeal mucosa, attach to arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage
78
what type of fibers are in the focal ligaments
elastic fibers
79
what do the vocal ligaments form
form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
80
what is the opening between the vocal folds
glottis
81
how do the vocal folds produce sound
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
82
what are the false vocal chords called
vestibular folds
83
where are the vestibular fold
superior to vocal folds
84
do vestibular folds help in sound production
no
85
what do the vestibular folds help with
close the glottis during swallowing
86
what does the superior part of the larynx composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
87
what is the inferior part to the vocal folds composed of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
88
what is speech
intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
89
what is pitch determined by
length and tension of vocal cords
90
what does loudnes of voice depend on
force of air
91
what amplifies and enhances sound quality
Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
92
how is sound shaped into language
language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
93
what prevents air passage
vocal folds act as sphincter
94
what is the valsalva maneuver
Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
Abdominal muscles contract
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Helps to empty rectum or stabilizes trunk during heavy lifting
95
what is it called when a muscle pops through
ingunal hernia
96
what is the trachea
windpipe from larynx to mediastinum
97
what is the layers of the trachea
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
98
what is the mucosa composed of
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
99
what is the submucosa composed of?
connective tissue with seromucous glands
100
what is the adventitia composed of
outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
101
what are the 2 parts to the trachea
trachealis
| carina
102
what is the trachealis
Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings,
| Contracts during coughing to expel mucus
103
what is the carina
Spar of cartilage on last, expanded tracheal cartilage
| Point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
104
how many orders of branching do air passages undergo
23 orders of branching
105
what is the branching called
bronchial tree
106
how is the tree divided
tips of tree-> conducting zone-> respiratory zone
107
what are the conducting zone structures
trachea-> right and left main bronchi
108
where does the bronchus enter the lung
enter hilum of one lung
109
what makes the right bronchus different from the left
Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
110
how does the main bronchus branch
into lobar bronchi
111
what does each lobar bronchus supply
one lobe
112
what does lobar bronchus branch into
segmental bronchi
113
do the branches become smaller or larger
smaler
114
what is the next level after the bronchi
bronchioles-less than 1mm in diameter
115
what is the next level after bronchioles
terminal bronchioles- smallest-less than 0.5 mm diameter
116
what structural changes occur from bronchi to bronchioles
Cartilage rings become irregular plates; in bronchioles elastic fibers replace cartilage,
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse,
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases
117
where does the respiratory zone begin
at terminal bronchioles
118
what is the respiratory zone track
terminal bronchioles-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> aveolar sacs
119
what do aveolar sacs contain
clusters of alveoli
120
what makes up most of lung volume
300 million alveoli
121
what are the alveoli sites of
gas exchange
122
what happens in the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
123
what are the alveolar walls composed of?
single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells)
124
what are type 2 alveolar cells composed of
scattered cuboidal
125
what do the type 2 alveolar cells do?
secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
126
what are alveoli surrounded by?
fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
127
what are two components of alveoli
alveolar pores and alveolar macrophages
128
what are alveolar pores
connect adjacent alveoli, equalize air pressure throughout lung
129
what are alveolar macrophages
keep alveolar surfaces sterile
130
what happens to the dead macrophages
2 million dead macrophages per hour carried by cilia to throat to being swallowed
131
what area do the lungs occupy
all thoracic cavity except mediastinum
132
what is the root in the lung
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
133
what is the costal surface in the lungs
anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces
134
what makes up most of the lungs
alveoli
135
what type of tissue is in the lungs
elastic connective tissue
136
what is the apex
superior tip; deep clavicle
137
what is the base
inferior surface; rests on diaphragm
138
what is the hilum
on mediastinal surface; site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
139
what is the difference between left and right lung
left lung is smaller than right
140
what in the concavity for the heart
cardiac notch
141
how are the lungs separated
Separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
142
what are the lobes of the right lung
superior, middle, inferior
143
what separates the lobes of the right lung
oblique and horizontal fissures
144
what is in the lung to increase surface area
bronchopulmonary segments
145
how many segments are in the right lung
10
146
how many segments are in the left lung
8-10
147
what are the segments in the lungs separated by
connective tissue septa
148
what are the smallest divisions in the lungs
lobules
149
what are the lobules served by
the bronchioles and their branches
150
what is pulmonary circulation
low pressure, high volume
151
what are the pulmonary arteries
deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation, Branch profusely; feed into pulmonary capillary networks
152
what are the pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from respiratory ones to heart
153
what do the lung capillary endothelium contain
enzymes that act on substances in blood
154
what are the bronchial arteries
provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
155
where do the bronchial arteries arise from
aorta and enters lungs at hilum
156
what circulation is the bronchial arteries apart of
systemic circulation
157
what do the bronchial arteries supply
all lung tissues except alveoli
158
what do the bronchial veins do
they anastomose with pulmonary veins
159
what is a pleurae
Thin, double-layered serosa; divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
160
what is the parietal pleura
on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs
161
what is the visceral pleura
on external lung surface
162
where does the pleural fluid go
fills slitlike pleuralcavity
163
what does the pleural fluid do
Provides lubrication and surface tension , assists in expansion and recoil
164
what are the phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration and expiration
165
what is inspiration
gasses flow into lungs, inhale
166
what is expiration
gases exit lungs, exhale
167
what is atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by air surrounding body
| 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
168
what is negative respiratory pressure
less than Patm
169
what is positive respiratory pressure
greater than Patm
170
what is zero respiratory pressure
equal to Patm
171
what is atelectasis
lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles-> collapse of alveoli
172
what is air in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
173
what causes a pneumothorax
either wound in parietal or rupture of visceral pleura
174
how is a pneumothorax treated
by removing air with chest tubes, pleurae heal, lung reinflates
175
what is pulmonary ventilation
mechanical process that depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity
176
what determines volume change in pulmonary ventilation
pressure change
177
what determines pressure change in pulmonary ventilation
gas flow
178
what is boyles law
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
179
what is the relationship between pressure and volume
inverse relationship
180
boyles law equation
p1v1=p2v2
181
what type of process in inspiration
active process
182
what muscles are used i inspiration
inspiratory muscles contract
183
what happens to pressure and volume during inspiration
thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops
184
what happens when the lungs stretch in inspiration
lungs stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases
185
what way does air flow in inspiration
air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm
186
what is COPD
chronic obstructed pulmonary disease
187
what happens during vigorous exercise and COPD
accessory muscles help to further increase in thoracic cage size
188
sequence of events during inspiration and expiration
1. inspiratory muscles contract
2. thoracic cavity volume increases
3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases 4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
5. air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
189
what type of process is quiet expiration
passive process
190
what happens during expiration
inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=0
191
what type of process is forced expiration
active process
192
what influences the ease of air passage and the amount of energy required for ventilation
airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
193
what is a source of resistance to gas flow
friction is major nonelastic source
194
what is the resistance between air flow and resistance
inverse relationship
195
what is the equation for air flow, pressure and resistance
F=ChangeP/R
196
what is change in pressure
pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
197
under normal conditions how significant is resistance
insignificant
198
where is resistance greatest
in medium sized bronchi
199
where does resistance disappear
at terminal bronchial where diffusion drives gas movement
200
what is asthma
As airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more strenuous,
Severe constriction or obstruction of bronchioles, can prevent life-sustaining ventilation
201
what reduces air resistance, especially to help with asthma
epinephrine dialates bronchioles
202
what is surface tension
Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface,
Resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid,
Water–high surface tension; coats alveolar walls, reduces them to smallest size
203
what is a surfactant
Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells,
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
204
what does insufficient quality of surfactant in premature infants cause
infant respiratory distress syndrome- the alveoli collapse after each breathe
205
what is lung compliance
Measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure
206
what does higher lung compliance mean?
easier to expand lungs
207
why would lung compliance be high
distensibility of lung tissue, surfactant
208
how is lung compliance diminished
nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue, reduced production of surfactant, decreased flexibility of thoracic stage
209
what is the total respiratory compliance influenced by
compliance of the thoracic wall, which is decreased by: deformities of thorax, ossification of costal cartilage, paralysis of intercostal muscles
