Chapter 22 Flashcards
what is the major function of the respiratory system
respiration
in simple terms what is respiration
supply blood with O2 for cellular respiration, dispose of CO2
what is the cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
how many processes does cellular respiration have?
4
what systems do cellular respiration involve
respiratory and circular
what are the other functions of respiration
olfactory and speech
what two processes are in the respiratory system
pulmonary ventilation,
external respiration
what two processes are in the circulatory system
transport, internal respiration
what is pulmonary ventilation?
(breathing)-movement of air into and outof lungs
what is external respiration
-O2 and CO2exchange between lungs and blood
what is transport
O2 and CO2 in blood, inhale O2 and exhale CO2 which needs to be transported
what is internal respiration
-O2 and CO2exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues
what major organs are involved in the respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli
what is the respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
what structures are in the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what is the conducting zone
conduits to gas exchange sites get gas to the exchange sites
what structures are in the conducting zones
all other respiratory structures
what do the structures in the conducting zone do
cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
what promotes ventilation in the respiratory system
diaphragm and other repsiratory muscles
what does the nose do
Provides an airway for respiration,
Moistens and warms entering air,
Filters and cleans inspired air,
Serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
how many regions does the nose have
2
what are the 2 nose regions
external nose, and nasal cavity
what structures are in the external nose
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
what are the 2 regions of the external nose
philtrum and nostrils (nares)
what is the philtrum
shallow vertical groove inferior to apex
what is the nostril
bounded laterally by alae
what is the nasal cavity
within and posterior to external nose
what divides the middle of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
what opens to the nasopharynx in the nasal cavity
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
what is at the roof of the mouth
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
what is the hard palate made of
bone
what is the soft palate made of
muscle
what is the nasal vestibule
nasal cavity superior to nostrils
what is in the nasal vestibule
vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air
what is the nasal cavity lined with
olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa
what does olfactory mucosa contain
olfactory epithelium
what type of cells are in the respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what do the respiratory mucosa have contain
Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
what does the cilia in the respiratory mucosa do
move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
what do respiratory mucosa do to warm air
Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
what triggers sneezes in the respiratory mucosa
sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa
what are the pharyngeal tonsils also called
adenoids
how many nasal choncae are there
3
what are the 3 nasal conchae
superior, middle and inferior
where are the conchae
protrude medially from lateral walls
what do the nasal conchae do
increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence
what is the nasal meatus
groove inferior to each concha
what are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air
what do the conchae and nasal mucosa do during exhalation
reclaim heat and moisture
where are the paranasal sinuses
the spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
what do the paranasal sinuses do
lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm and moisten air
what is rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
what happens when someone has rhinitis
nasal mucosa continuous with mucosa of respiratory tract-> spreads from nose-> throat-> chest
where does the mucosa spread to in rhinitis
spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses causing Blocked sinus passageways -> air absorbed -> vacuum ->sinus headache
what is the muscular tube from base of skill to C6
pharynx
what does the pharynx connect
nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
what type of muscle is the pharynx composed of
skeletal muscle
what are the three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what is the nasopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
what is the nasopharynx lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what closes the nasopharynx during swallowing
soft palate and uvula
what is apart of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotypanic
what are the pharyngeal tonsils
on posterior wall the ones you would get removed
what are the pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls
what is the oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
what is lining the oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
what three things are apart of the oropharynx
isthmus of fauces, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
what is the isthmus of fauces
opening to oral cavity
what are the palantine tonsils
in lateral walls of fauces
what are the lingual tonsils
on posterior surface of tongue
what is the laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
where is the laryngopharynx
posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where continuous with esophagus
what is the laryngopharynx lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
what does the larynx attach to
hyoid bone, opens to laryngopharynx, continuous with trachea
functions of the larynx
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Houses vocal folds
how many cartilages make up the larynx
9
where are the vocal ligaments
deep to laryngeal mucosa, attach to arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage
what type of fibers are in the focal ligaments
elastic fibers
what do the vocal ligaments form
form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
what is the opening between the vocal folds
glottis
how do the vocal folds produce sound
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
what are the false vocal chords called
vestibular folds
where are the vestibular fold
superior to vocal folds