Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system

A

respiration

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2
Q

in simple terms what is respiration

A

supply blood with O2 for cellular respiration, dispose of CO2

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3
Q

what is the cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+36ATP

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4
Q

how many processes does cellular respiration have?

A

4

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5
Q

what systems do cellular respiration involve

A

respiratory and circular

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6
Q

what are the other functions of respiration

A

olfactory and speech

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7
Q

what two processes are in the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation,

external respiration

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8
Q

what two processes are in the circulatory system

A

transport, internal respiration

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9
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

(breathing)-movement of air into and outof lungs

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10
Q

what is external respiration

A

-O2 and CO2exchange between lungs and blood

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11
Q

what is transport

A

O2 and CO2 in blood, inhale O2 and exhale CO2 which needs to be transported

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12
Q

what is internal respiration

A

-O2 and CO2exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues

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13
Q

what major organs are involved in the respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli

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14
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

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15
Q

what structures are in the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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16
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites get gas to the exchange sites

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17
Q

what structures are in the conducting zones

A

all other respiratory structures

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18
Q

what do the structures in the conducting zone do

A

cleanses, warms, and humidifies air

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19
Q

what promotes ventilation in the respiratory system

A

diaphragm and other repsiratory muscles

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20
Q

what does the nose do

A

Provides an airway for respiration,
Moistens and warms entering air,
Filters and cleans inspired air,
Serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors

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21
Q

how many regions does the nose have

A

2

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22
Q

what are the 2 nose regions

A

external nose, and nasal cavity

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23
Q

what structures are in the external nose

A

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex

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24
Q

what are the 2 regions of the external nose

A

philtrum and nostrils (nares)

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25
Q

what is the philtrum

A

shallow vertical groove inferior to apex

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26
Q

what is the nostril

A

bounded laterally by alae

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27
Q

what is the nasal cavity

A

within and posterior to external nose

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28
Q

what divides the middle of the nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

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29
Q

what opens to the nasopharynx in the nasal cavity

A

Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

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30
Q

what is at the roof of the mouth

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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31
Q

what is the hard palate made of

A

bone

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32
Q

what is the soft palate made of

A

muscle

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33
Q

what is the nasal vestibule

A

nasal cavity superior to nostrils

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34
Q

what is in the nasal vestibule

A

vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air

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35
Q

what is the nasal cavity lined with

A

olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa

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36
Q

what does olfactory mucosa contain

A

olfactory epithelium

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37
Q

what type of cells are in the respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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38
Q

what do the respiratory mucosa have contain

A

Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins

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39
Q

what does the cilia in the respiratory mucosa do

A

move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat

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40
Q

what do respiratory mucosa do to warm air

A

Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins

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41
Q

what triggers sneezes in the respiratory mucosa

A

sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa

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42
Q

what are the pharyngeal tonsils also called

A

adenoids

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43
Q

how many nasal choncae are there

A

3

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44
Q

what are the 3 nasal conchae

A

superior, middle and inferior

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45
Q

where are the conchae

A

protrude medially from lateral walls

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46
Q

what do the nasal conchae do

A

increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence

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47
Q

what is the nasal meatus

A

groove inferior to each concha

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48
Q

what are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae

A

During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air

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49
Q

what do the conchae and nasal mucosa do during exhalation

A

reclaim heat and moisture

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50
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses

A

the spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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51
Q

what do the paranasal sinuses do

A

lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm and moisten air

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52
Q

what is rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal mucosa

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53
Q

what happens when someone has rhinitis

A

nasal mucosa continuous with mucosa of respiratory tract-> spreads from nose-> throat-> chest

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54
Q

where does the mucosa spread to in rhinitis

A

spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses causing Blocked sinus passageways -> air absorbed -> vacuum ->sinus headache

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55
Q

what is the muscular tube from base of skill to C6

A

pharynx

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56
Q

what does the pharynx connect

A

nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

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57
Q

what type of muscle is the pharynx composed of

A

skeletal muscle

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58
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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59
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

air passageway posterior to nasal cavity

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60
Q

what is the nasopharynx lined with

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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61
Q

what closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

A

soft palate and uvula

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62
Q

what is apart of the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotypanic

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63
Q

what are the pharyngeal tonsils

A

on posterior wall the ones you would get removed

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64
Q

what are the pharyngotympanic

A

(auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls

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65
Q

what is the oropharynx

A

Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis

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66
Q

what is lining the oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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67
Q

what three things are apart of the oropharynx

A

isthmus of fauces, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

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68
Q

what is the isthmus of fauces

A

opening to oral cavity

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69
Q

what are the palantine tonsils

A

in lateral walls of fauces

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70
Q

what are the lingual tonsils

A

on posterior surface of tongue

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71
Q

what is the laryngopharynx

A

passageway for food and air

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72
Q

where is the laryngopharynx

A

posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where continuous with esophagus

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73
Q

what is the laryngopharynx lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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74
Q

what does the larynx attach to

A

hyoid bone, opens to laryngopharynx, continuous with trachea

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75
Q

functions of the larynx

A

Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Houses vocal folds

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76
Q

how many cartilages make up the larynx

A

9

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77
Q

where are the vocal ligaments

A

deep to laryngeal mucosa, attach to arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage

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78
Q

what type of fibers are in the focal ligaments

A

elastic fibers

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79
Q

what do the vocal ligaments form

A

form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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80
Q

what is the opening between the vocal folds

A

glottis

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81
Q

how do the vocal folds produce sound

A

Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

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82
Q

what are the false vocal chords called

A

vestibular folds

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83
Q

where are the vestibular fold

A

superior to vocal folds

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84
Q

do vestibular folds help in sound production

A

no

85
Q

what do the vestibular folds help with

A

close the glottis during swallowing

86
Q

what does the superior part of the larynx composed of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

what is the inferior part to the vocal folds composed of

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

88
Q

what is speech

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis

89
Q

what is pitch determined by

A

length and tension of vocal cords

90
Q

what does loudnes of voice depend on

A

force of air

91
Q

what amplifies and enhances sound quality

A

Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities

92
Q

how is sound shaped into language

A

language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

93
Q

what prevents air passage

A

vocal folds act as sphincter

94
Q

what is the valsalva maneuver

A

Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
Abdominal muscles contract
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Helps to empty rectum or stabilizes trunk during heavy lifting

95
Q

what is it called when a muscle pops through

A

ingunal hernia

96
Q

what is the trachea

A

windpipe from larynx to mediastinum

97
Q

what is the layers of the trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

98
Q

what is the mucosa composed of

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

99
Q

what is the submucosa composed of?

A

connective tissue with seromucous glands

100
Q

what is the adventitia composed of

A

outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

101
Q

what are the 2 parts to the trachea

A

trachealis

carina

102
Q

what is the trachealis

A

Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings,

Contracts during coughing to expel mucus

103
Q

what is the carina

A

Spar of cartilage on last, expanded tracheal cartilage

Point where trachea branches into two main bronchi

104
Q

how many orders of branching do air passages undergo

A

23 orders of branching

105
Q

what is the branching called

A

bronchial tree

106
Q

how is the tree divided

A

tips of tree-> conducting zone-> respiratory zone

107
Q

what are the conducting zone structures

A

trachea-> right and left main bronchi

108
Q

where does the bronchus enter the lung

A

enter hilum of one lung

109
Q

what makes the right bronchus different from the left

A

Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left

110
Q

how does the main bronchus branch

A

into lobar bronchi

111
Q

what does each lobar bronchus supply

A

one lobe

112
Q

what does lobar bronchus branch into

A

segmental bronchi

113
Q

do the branches become smaller or larger

A

smaler

114
Q

what is the next level after the bronchi

A

bronchioles-less than 1mm in diameter

115
Q

what is the next level after bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles- smallest-less than 0.5 mm diameter

116
Q

what structural changes occur from bronchi to bronchioles

A

Cartilage rings become irregular plates; in bronchioles elastic fibers replace cartilage,
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse,
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases

117
Q

where does the respiratory zone begin

A

at terminal bronchioles

118
Q

what is the respiratory zone track

A

terminal bronchioles-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> aveolar sacs

119
Q

what do aveolar sacs contain

A

clusters of alveoli

120
Q

what makes up most of lung volume

A

300 million alveoli

121
Q

what are the alveoli sites of

A

gas exchange

122
Q

what happens in the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

A

gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

123
Q

what are the alveolar walls composed of?

A

single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells)

124
Q

what are type 2 alveolar cells composed of

A

scattered cuboidal

125
Q

what do the type 2 alveolar cells do?

A

secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

126
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by?

A

fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries

127
Q

what are two components of alveoli

A

alveolar pores and alveolar macrophages

128
Q

what are alveolar pores

A

connect adjacent alveoli, equalize air pressure throughout lung

129
Q

what are alveolar macrophages

A

keep alveolar surfaces sterile

130
Q

what happens to the dead macrophages

A

2 million dead macrophages per hour carried by cilia to throat to being swallowed

131
Q

what area do the lungs occupy

A

all thoracic cavity except mediastinum

132
Q

what is the root in the lung

A

site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum

133
Q

what is the costal surface in the lungs

A

anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces

134
Q

what makes up most of the lungs

A

alveoli

135
Q

what type of tissue is in the lungs

A

elastic connective tissue

136
Q

what is the apex

A

superior tip; deep clavicle

137
Q

what is the base

A

inferior surface; rests on diaphragm

138
Q

what is the hilum

A

on mediastinal surface; site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

139
Q

what is the difference between left and right lung

A

left lung is smaller than right

140
Q

what in the concavity for the heart

A

cardiac notch

141
Q

how are the lungs separated

A

Separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure

142
Q

what are the lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle, inferior

143
Q

what separates the lobes of the right lung

A

oblique and horizontal fissures

144
Q

what is in the lung to increase surface area

A

bronchopulmonary segments

145
Q

how many segments are in the right lung

A

10

146
Q

how many segments are in the left lung

A

8-10

147
Q

what are the segments in the lungs separated by

A

connective tissue septa

148
Q

what are the smallest divisions in the lungs

A

lobules

149
Q

what are the lobules served by

A

the bronchioles and their branches

150
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

low pressure, high volume

151
Q

what are the pulmonary arteries

A

deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation, Branch profusely; feed into pulmonary capillary networks

152
Q

what are the pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory ones to heart

153
Q

what do the lung capillary endothelium contain

A

enzymes that act on substances in blood

154
Q

what are the bronchial arteries

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

155
Q

where do the bronchial arteries arise from

A

aorta and enters lungs at hilum

156
Q

what circulation is the bronchial arteries apart of

A

systemic circulation

157
Q

what do the bronchial arteries supply

A

all lung tissues except alveoli

158
Q

what do the bronchial veins do

A

they anastomose with pulmonary veins

159
Q

what is a pleurae

A

Thin, double-layered serosa; divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

160
Q

what is the parietal pleura

A

on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs

161
Q

what is the visceral pleura

A

on external lung surface

162
Q

where does the pleural fluid go

A

fills slitlike pleuralcavity

163
Q

what does the pleural fluid do

A

Provides lubrication and surface tension , assists in expansion and recoil

164
Q

what are the phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration

165
Q

what is inspiration

A

gasses flow into lungs, inhale

166
Q

what is expiration

A

gases exit lungs, exhale

167
Q

what is atmospheric pressure

A

Pressure exerted by air surrounding body

760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere

168
Q

what is negative respiratory pressure

A

less than Patm

169
Q

what is positive respiratory pressure

A

greater than Patm

170
Q

what is zero respiratory pressure

A

equal to Patm

171
Q

what is atelectasis

A

lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles-> collapse of alveoli

172
Q

what is air in the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

173
Q

what causes a pneumothorax

A

either wound in parietal or rupture of visceral pleura

174
Q

how is a pneumothorax treated

A

by removing air with chest tubes, pleurae heal, lung reinflates

175
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

mechanical process that depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity

176
Q

what determines volume change in pulmonary ventilation

A

pressure change

177
Q

what determines pressure change in pulmonary ventilation

A

gas flow

178
Q

what is boyles law

A

relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

179
Q

what is the relationship between pressure and volume

A

inverse relationship

180
Q

boyles law equation

A

p1v1=p2v2

181
Q

what type of process in inspiration

A

active process

182
Q

what muscles are used i inspiration

A

inspiratory muscles contract

183
Q

what happens to pressure and volume during inspiration

A

thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops

184
Q

what happens when the lungs stretch in inspiration

A

lungs stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases

185
Q

what way does air flow in inspiration

A

air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm

186
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic obstructed pulmonary disease

187
Q

what happens during vigorous exercise and COPD

A

accessory muscles help to further increase in thoracic cage size

188
Q

sequence of events during inspiration and expiration

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases 4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  4. air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
189
Q

what type of process is quiet expiration

A

passive process

190
Q

what happens during expiration

A

inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=0

191
Q

what type of process is forced expiration

A

active process

192
Q

what influences the ease of air passage and the amount of energy required for ventilation

A

airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

193
Q

what is a source of resistance to gas flow

A

friction is major nonelastic source

194
Q

what is the resistance between air flow and resistance

A

inverse relationship

195
Q

what is the equation for air flow, pressure and resistance

A

F=ChangeP/R

196
Q

what is change in pressure

A

pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli

197
Q

under normal conditions how significant is resistance

A

insignificant

198
Q

where is resistance greatest

A

in medium sized bronchi

199
Q

where does resistance disappear

A

at terminal bronchial where diffusion drives gas movement

200
Q

what is asthma

A

As airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more strenuous,
Severe constriction or obstruction of bronchioles, can prevent life-sustaining ventilation

201
Q

what reduces air resistance, especially to help with asthma

A

epinephrine dialates bronchioles

202
Q

what is surface tension

A

Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface,
Resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid,
Water–high surface tension; coats alveolar walls, reduces them to smallest size

203
Q

what is a surfactant

A

Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells,
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

204
Q

what does insufficient quality of surfactant in premature infants cause

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome- the alveoli collapse after each breathe

205
Q

what is lung compliance

A

Measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure

206
Q

what does higher lung compliance mean?

A

easier to expand lungs

207
Q

why would lung compliance be high

A

distensibility of lung tissue, surfactant

208
Q

how is lung compliance diminished

A

nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue, reduced production of surfactant, decreased flexibility of thoracic stage

209
Q

what is the total respiratory compliance influenced by

A

compliance of the thoracic wall, which is decreased by: deformities of thorax, ossification of costal cartilage, paralysis of intercostal muscles