Chapter 22 Flashcards
what is the major function of the respiratory system
respiration
in simple terms what is respiration
supply blood with O2 for cellular respiration, dispose of CO2
what is the cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
how many processes does cellular respiration have?
4
what systems do cellular respiration involve
respiratory and circular
what are the other functions of respiration
olfactory and speech
what two processes are in the respiratory system
pulmonary ventilation,
external respiration
what two processes are in the circulatory system
transport, internal respiration
what is pulmonary ventilation?
(breathing)-movement of air into and outof lungs
what is external respiration
-O2 and CO2exchange between lungs and blood
what is transport
O2 and CO2 in blood, inhale O2 and exhale CO2 which needs to be transported
what is internal respiration
-O2 and CO2exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues
what major organs are involved in the respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, paransal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their branches, lungs and alveoli
what is the respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
what structures are in the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what is the conducting zone
conduits to gas exchange sites get gas to the exchange sites
what structures are in the conducting zones
all other respiratory structures
what do the structures in the conducting zone do
cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
what promotes ventilation in the respiratory system
diaphragm and other repsiratory muscles
what does the nose do
Provides an airway for respiration,
Moistens and warms entering air,
Filters and cleans inspired air,
Serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
how many regions does the nose have
2
what are the 2 nose regions
external nose, and nasal cavity
what structures are in the external nose
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
what are the 2 regions of the external nose
philtrum and nostrils (nares)
what is the philtrum
shallow vertical groove inferior to apex
what is the nostril
bounded laterally by alae
what is the nasal cavity
within and posterior to external nose
what divides the middle of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
what opens to the nasopharynx in the nasal cavity
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
what is at the roof of the mouth
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
what is the hard palate made of
bone
what is the soft palate made of
muscle
what is the nasal vestibule
nasal cavity superior to nostrils
what is in the nasal vestibule
vibrissae (hairs) filter coarse particles from inspired air
what is the nasal cavity lined with
olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa
what does olfactory mucosa contain
olfactory epithelium
what type of cells are in the respiratory mucosa
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what do the respiratory mucosa have contain
Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
what does the cilia in the respiratory mucosa do
move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
what do respiratory mucosa do to warm air
Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
what triggers sneezes in the respiratory mucosa
sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa
what are the pharyngeal tonsils also called
adenoids
how many nasal choncae are there
3
what are the 3 nasal conchae
superior, middle and inferior
where are the conchae
protrude medially from lateral walls
what do the nasal conchae do
increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence
what is the nasal meatus
groove inferior to each concha
what are the functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae
During inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air
what do the conchae and nasal mucosa do during exhalation
reclaim heat and moisture
where are the paranasal sinuses
the spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
what do the paranasal sinuses do
lighten skull, secrete mucus, help warm and moisten air
what is rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
what happens when someone has rhinitis
nasal mucosa continuous with mucosa of respiratory tract-> spreads from nose-> throat-> chest
where does the mucosa spread to in rhinitis
spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses causing Blocked sinus passageways -> air absorbed -> vacuum ->sinus headache
what is the muscular tube from base of skill to C6
pharynx
what does the pharynx connect
nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
what type of muscle is the pharynx composed of
skeletal muscle
what are the three regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what is the nasopharynx
air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
what is the nasopharynx lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
what closes the nasopharynx during swallowing
soft palate and uvula
what is apart of the nasopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils and pharyngotypanic
what are the pharyngeal tonsils
on posterior wall the ones you would get removed
what are the pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tubes drain and equalize pressure in middle ear; open into lateral walls
what is the oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
what is lining the oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
what three things are apart of the oropharynx
isthmus of fauces, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
what is the isthmus of fauces
opening to oral cavity
what are the palantine tonsils
in lateral walls of fauces
what are the lingual tonsils
on posterior surface of tongue
what is the laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
where is the laryngopharynx
posterior to upright epiglottis, extends to larynx where continuous with esophagus
what is the laryngopharynx lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
what does the larynx attach to
hyoid bone, opens to laryngopharynx, continuous with trachea
functions of the larynx
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Houses vocal folds
how many cartilages make up the larynx
9
where are the vocal ligaments
deep to laryngeal mucosa, attach to arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage
what type of fibers are in the focal ligaments
elastic fibers
what do the vocal ligaments form
form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
what is the opening between the vocal folds
glottis
how do the vocal folds produce sound
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
what are the false vocal chords called
vestibular folds
where are the vestibular fold
superior to vocal folds
do vestibular folds help in sound production
no
what do the vestibular folds help with
close the glottis during swallowing
what does the superior part of the larynx composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
what is the inferior part to the vocal folds composed of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
what is speech
intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
what is pitch determined by
length and tension of vocal cords
what does loudnes of voice depend on
force of air
what amplifies and enhances sound quality
Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
how is sound shaped into language
language by muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
what prevents air passage
vocal folds act as sphincter
what is the valsalva maneuver
Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
Abdominal muscles contract
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Helps to empty rectum or stabilizes trunk during heavy lifting
what is it called when a muscle pops through
ingunal hernia
what is the trachea
windpipe from larynx to mediastinum
what is the layers of the trachea
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
what is the mucosa composed of
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
what is the submucosa composed of?
connective tissue with seromucous glands
what is the adventitia composed of
outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
what are the 2 parts to the trachea
trachealis
carina
what is the trachealis
Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings,
Contracts during coughing to expel mucus
what is the carina
Spar of cartilage on last, expanded tracheal cartilage
Point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
how many orders of branching do air passages undergo
23 orders of branching
what is the branching called
bronchial tree
how is the tree divided
tips of tree-> conducting zone-> respiratory zone
what are the conducting zone structures
trachea-> right and left main bronchi
where does the bronchus enter the lung
enter hilum of one lung
what makes the right bronchus different from the left
Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
how does the main bronchus branch
into lobar bronchi
what does each lobar bronchus supply
one lobe
what does lobar bronchus branch into
segmental bronchi
do the branches become smaller or larger
smaler
what is the next level after the bronchi
bronchioles-less than 1mm in diameter
what is the next level after bronchioles
terminal bronchioles- smallest-less than 0.5 mm diameter
what structural changes occur from bronchi to bronchioles
Cartilage rings become irregular plates; in bronchioles elastic fibers replace cartilage,
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse,
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases
where does the respiratory zone begin
at terminal bronchioles
what is the respiratory zone track
terminal bronchioles-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> aveolar sacs
what do aveolar sacs contain
clusters of alveoli
what makes up most of lung volume
300 million alveoli
what are the alveoli sites of
gas exchange
what happens in the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
what are the alveolar walls composed of?
single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells)
what are type 2 alveolar cells composed of
scattered cuboidal
what do the type 2 alveolar cells do?
secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
what are alveoli surrounded by?
fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
what are two components of alveoli
alveolar pores and alveolar macrophages
what are alveolar pores
connect adjacent alveoli, equalize air pressure throughout lung
what are alveolar macrophages
keep alveolar surfaces sterile
what happens to the dead macrophages
2 million dead macrophages per hour carried by cilia to throat to being swallowed
what area do the lungs occupy
all thoracic cavity except mediastinum
what is the root in the lung
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
what is the costal surface in the lungs
anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces
what makes up most of the lungs
alveoli
what type of tissue is in the lungs
elastic connective tissue
what is the apex
superior tip; deep clavicle
what is the base
inferior surface; rests on diaphragm
what is the hilum
on mediastinal surface; site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
what is the difference between left and right lung
left lung is smaller than right
what in the concavity for the heart
cardiac notch
how are the lungs separated
Separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
what are the lobes of the right lung
superior, middle, inferior
what separates the lobes of the right lung
oblique and horizontal fissures
what is in the lung to increase surface area
bronchopulmonary segments
how many segments are in the right lung
10
how many segments are in the left lung
8-10
what are the segments in the lungs separated by
connective tissue septa
what are the smallest divisions in the lungs
lobules
what are the lobules served by
the bronchioles and their branches
what is pulmonary circulation
low pressure, high volume
what are the pulmonary arteries
deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation, Branch profusely; feed into pulmonary capillary networks
what are the pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from respiratory ones to heart
what do the lung capillary endothelium contain
enzymes that act on substances in blood
what are the bronchial arteries
provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
where do the bronchial arteries arise from
aorta and enters lungs at hilum
what circulation is the bronchial arteries apart of
systemic circulation
what do the bronchial arteries supply
all lung tissues except alveoli
what do the bronchial veins do
they anastomose with pulmonary veins
what is a pleurae
Thin, double-layered serosa; divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
what is the parietal pleura
on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, between lungs
what is the visceral pleura
on external lung surface
where does the pleural fluid go
fills slitlike pleuralcavity
what does the pleural fluid do
Provides lubrication and surface tension , assists in expansion and recoil
what are the phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration and expiration
what is inspiration
gasses flow into lungs, inhale
what is expiration
gases exit lungs, exhale
what is atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by air surrounding body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
what is negative respiratory pressure
less than Patm
what is positive respiratory pressure
greater than Patm
what is zero respiratory pressure
equal to Patm
what is atelectasis
lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles-> collapse of alveoli
what is air in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
what causes a pneumothorax
either wound in parietal or rupture of visceral pleura
how is a pneumothorax treated
by removing air with chest tubes, pleurae heal, lung reinflates
what is pulmonary ventilation
mechanical process that depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity
what determines volume change in pulmonary ventilation
pressure change
what determines pressure change in pulmonary ventilation
gas flow
what is boyles law
relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
what is the relationship between pressure and volume
inverse relationship
boyles law equation
p1v1=p2v2
what type of process in inspiration
active process
what muscles are used i inspiration
inspiratory muscles contract
what happens to pressure and volume during inspiration
thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops
what happens when the lungs stretch in inspiration
lungs stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases
what way does air flow in inspiration
air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm
what is COPD
chronic obstructed pulmonary disease
what happens during vigorous exercise and COPD
accessory muscles help to further increase in thoracic cage size
sequence of events during inspiration and expiration
- inspiratory muscles contract
- thoracic cavity volume increases
- lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases 4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
- air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
what type of process is quiet expiration
passive process
what happens during expiration
inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=0
what type of process is forced expiration
active process
what influences the ease of air passage and the amount of energy required for ventilation
airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
what is a source of resistance to gas flow
friction is major nonelastic source
what is the resistance between air flow and resistance
inverse relationship
what is the equation for air flow, pressure and resistance
F=ChangeP/R
what is change in pressure
pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
under normal conditions how significant is resistance
insignificant
where is resistance greatest
in medium sized bronchi
where does resistance disappear
at terminal bronchial where diffusion drives gas movement
what is asthma
As airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more strenuous,
Severe constriction or obstruction of bronchioles, can prevent life-sustaining ventilation
what reduces air resistance, especially to help with asthma
epinephrine dialates bronchioles
what is surface tension
Attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface,
Resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid,
Water–high surface tension; coats alveolar walls, reduces them to smallest size
what is a surfactant
Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells,
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
what does insufficient quality of surfactant in premature infants cause
infant respiratory distress syndrome- the alveoli collapse after each breathe
what is lung compliance
Measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure
what does higher lung compliance mean?
easier to expand lungs
why would lung compliance be high
distensibility of lung tissue, surfactant
how is lung compliance diminished
nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue, reduced production of surfactant, decreased flexibility of thoracic stage
what is the total respiratory compliance influenced by
compliance of the thoracic wall, which is decreased by: deformities of thorax, ossification of costal cartilage, paralysis of intercostal muscles
