9/23 Class Lecture Chapter 4 Flashcards
Where do tissues fall on the organization chain
after the first level of life, cells
individual body cells are
specialized
how are individual body cells specialized
Each type performs specific functions that maintain homeostasis
what is due to the specific functions of cells
specific structure is because of specific function
what is an example of interrelationship
structure allows for function
tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function
histology
study of tissues
what are the types of primary tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
what do epithelial tissues do
cover or lines
forms boundaries between different environments protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
where can epithelial tissues be
exterior or interior
skin
what do connective tissues do
support
links body tissues together
support protects binds other tissues together
what do muscle tissues do
produce movement
muscles contracting with force
contracts to cause movement
what do nerve tissues do
controls everything going on inside the cell
transmits chemical impulses
internal communication
what types of tissues do plants have
epithelial and connective
which tissue is the most diverse
connective
where are nervous tissues found
brain, spinal cord, nerves
what muscles are included in muscular tissues
Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
Muscles of heart (cardiac)
Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth
examples of epithelial tissues
the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs skin surface (epidermis)
where are connective tissues found
bones
tendons
fats and other soft padding tissue
what must tissues go through before they can be viewed under a microscope
the tissue is fixed, cut, and stained
what does it mean that the tissue was fixed
preserved through a lot of treatment
what does a tissue go through when it is cut
Sliced thin enough to transmit light or electrons
microtone-slicing machine with a big blade
tissue is embedded in wax
what does a tissue do when it is stained
enhanced contrast
certain parts will absorb more stain than others
what are the 2 main types of epithelial tissues
covering and lining epithelial
glandular epithelial
where is the covering and lining of epithelial tissues located
skin, inside the digestive tract, mouth
external and internal surface
can you see glandular epithelia tissues
no
examples of glandular epithelia
secretory tissues in glands
On both sides of the frenulum, part of salivary glands
how is salvia stimulated
something present in mouth
epithelial tissue functions
Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception
filtration
separation, some things pass through some things don’t make it
excretion
waste given off, most common urea (nitrogen waste)
secretion
useful ex: saliva
sensory reception
bringing things in, sense of touch when related to skin
5 characteristics of epithelial tissues
polarity, specialized contracts supported by connective tissue avascular, inervated can regenerate
what does specialized contracts mean
touch to other systems
avascular
without blood vessels
innervated
has nerves
how do avascular cells get their nutrients
diffusion
what is the apical surface
(upper free) exposed to exterior or cavity
what is the basal surface
(lower, attached)
how do the apical and basal surface differ
differ in structure and function
characteristics of apical surface
smooth and slick, some have microvilli (e.g., brush border of intestinal lining), some have cilia
what do microvilli do
Increase surface area
In digestive system it would be most
what do cilia do
moves things across the cell
characteristics of noncellular basal lamina
Glycoprotein and collagen fibers lies adjacent to basal surface
Adhesive sheet
Selective filter things passing through or passing out
Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
Specialized Contacts of Epithelial tissues
Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together
Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells
what type of contacts are the adjacent cells
lateral contacts
what were the lateral contacts
Tight junction- increase security
Desmosomes- increases security
what are the types of connective tissue support
reticular lamina, basement membrane
reticular lamina
Deep to basal lamina
Network of collagen fibers
basement membrane
Basal lamina + reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing only happens to a limited degree
Defines epithelial boundary
are there blood vessels in epithelial tissues
no
why arent there blood vessels in epithelial tissues
thin so diffusion cant afford
what are epithelial cells supported by
nerve fibers
why is regeneration important to epithelial cells
Important to regenerate bc these cells are often rubbed away
what is regeneration stimulated by
by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts:
why does regeneration happen
Some exposed to friction
Some exposed to hostile substances (cancer)
what is needed for regeneration to be successful
adequate nutrients replace lost cells by cell division
what are the 2 classifications of epithelia related to layers
simple and stratified
what are the classifications of shape for epithelia
squambous
cuboidal
columnar
what does simple epithelia mean
single layer of cells
what does stratified epithelia mean
two or more layers of cells
squamous
squashed
Flattened and scalelike
Nucleus flattened nucleus is flat
cuboidal
cube
Boxlike
Nucleus round
columnar
tall like a column
Tall; column shaped
Nucleus elongated, nucleus shaped like a column
how are stratified epithelia classified for shape
in the apical layer
simple epithelia classifications
absorption, secretion, filtration, very thin
why are simple epithelia so thin
all the functions have material passing through them so it has to be very thin
simple squamous epithelium
Cells flattened laterally, Cytoplasm sparse, function where rapid diffusion is priority,
why is cytoplasm sparse in simple squamous
since its thin-not a lot of cytoplasm, not a lot of cytoplasm then it is not going to produce a lot of chemicals
what are the two locations for simple squamous
endothelium and mesothelium
endothelium
means inside layer
The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart- circulatory system
mesothelium
idea of middle
The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity- certain membranes
simple cuboidal classifications
Single layer of cells
Secretion
Absorption
Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
simple columnar classifications
Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
Absorption
Secretion
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Cells vary in height: Cell nuclei at different levels Appears stratified, but is not so its simple Secretion Absorption
stratified epithelial tissues
Two or more cell layers
Regenerate from below
More durable than simple epithelia
Protection is major role
how to stratified epithelial regenerate
Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface
push up to surface
what is the most widespread of the stratified epithelial
stratified squamous
where are stratified squamous cells found
on skin
inside and outside
what are stratified squamous important for
wear and tear
where are the stratified squamous farthest away from
basal layer
why are nutrients less viable in the stratified squamous
as the layers build up it is harder to get the oxygen supply under the first layer
what are stratified cuboidal epithelium
Quite rare
Found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically two cell layers thick
where are stratified columnar epithelium found
Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
transition areas between two other types of epithelia
Only apical layer columnar
what does transitional epithelium mean
going from one to another
where are the transitional epithelium
Forms lining of hollow urinary organs
what type of transitional epithelium are basal cells
cuboidal or columnar
what can transitional epithelium do
Ability to change shape with stretch
examples where transitional epithelium are found
stomach
bladder
**places that stretch
what type of transitional epithelium are apical cells
vary in appearance
what is a gland
One or more cells that make and secretes an aqueous fluid (water base) called a secretion
what are glandular epithelia classified by
side of product release (endo or exocrine)
the relative number of cells forming the gland
what is endocrine
on the inside, secrete into blood
what is the exocrine
enzymes secreted, has a tube that takes things out
what organ is both endo and exocrine
pancreas- secretes insulin
what is a ductless gland
Secretions not released into a duct
what do endocrine glands secrete
Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph
what do exocrine glands secrete
Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
examples of exocrine gland secretions
(oil and sweat glands on skin or inner body surfaces in the digestive system)
what is there more of endo or exocrine glands
endo
where do exocrine glands secrete products to
into ducts
examples of exocrine glands
mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
mucous
adjective
mucus
noun, water + mucin- the solution itself
mucin
noun, the chemical itself
what are important unicellular exocrine glands
mucous cells and goblet cells
where are unicellular exocrine glands found
in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
what do unicellular exocrine glands produce
mucin
when unicellualr exocrine glands produce mucin what is it dissolved in
Dissolves in water to form mucus
what does the mucous in unicellular exocrine cells do
Slimy protective, lubricating coating, internal lubricant
what are multicellular exocrine glands composed of
duct and secretory unit
what are multicellular exocrine glands surrounded by
supportive connective tissue
what do the supportive tissues do for multicellular exocrine glands
Supplies blood and nerve fibers
Extends into and divides gland into lobes increase surface area
how are multicellular glands classified
by structure and type of secretion
what are the structure classifications of multicellular glands
simple, compound, tublear, alveolar, tubolalveolal
what are simple glands
unbranched ducts
what are compound glands
branched ducts
what is tubuloalveolar
mixture of tubular and alveolar
what are the types of secretion
merocine
holocrine
apocrine
merocrine
most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced, makes product and squirts it out (merely secretes the chemcial), pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands
holocrine
accumulate products within then rupture (secretes HOLE (whole) cells)
cells secrete by being broken down and going out
apocrine
accumulates products within but only apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans secrete a part of the cell
what does highly vascularized mean
lots of blood vessels, bc it needs all the oxygen and energy, biologically we move to get food
characteristics of muscular tissues
highly vascularized
responsible for most types of movement
what are the 3 types of muscular tissues
skeletal muscle tissues
cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissues
what is the most abundant muscle tissue
skeletal
where are skeletal muscle tissues found
in skeletal muscle
what type of movement is skeletal muscle
voluntary
where are cardiac muscle tissues found
walls of heart
what type of movement is cardiac muscle
involuntary
where are smooth muscle tissues found
Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart, inside organs in our digestive system
what type of movement is smooth muscle tissues
involuntary
example of smooth muscles
pupil reflexes
what is the main component of the nervous system
nervous tissues
what are the sense organs
brain, spinal cord, nerves
what does nervous tissue regulate
Regulates and controls body functions
what are neurons
Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, electrical meaning there are ions that move along this
what are neuroglia
Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
what is the most abundant tissue
connective
what are the four main classes of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
major functions of connective tissues
Binding and support Protecting Insulating Storing reserve fuel Transporting substances (blood)
what makes connective tissues different from other primary tissues
Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels) have extracellular matrix
what are the three structural elements of connective tissues
ground substance
fibers
cells
ground substance
mixture of chemicals
Unstructured material that fills space between cells
Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
fibers
degree of stringy things
cells
cells in connective tissues make the ground substances and fiber components
components of ground substances
interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins, Proteoglycans
what is interstitial fluid
between cells, clear fluid when you bleed, salty taste
what are protoglycans
Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers
collagen, elastic support, reticular
what is collagen
white tissue
Strongest and most abundant type
Tough; provides high tensile strength (grab and pull apart and measures the force until it breaks)
what elastic fibers
stretchy, not a strong
Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
what are reticular fibers
different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”
what does blast mean
early cells
what are blasts
Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers
fibroblast
in connective tissue proper, early cell that makes these fibers
chondroblasts
in cartilage chondro-cartildge
osteoblasts
in bone osteo-bones
what type of cells are in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells
what does ‘cyte’ mean
cells
what are cytes
Mature form; maintain matrix
chondrocytes
in cartilage cartiledge cells
osteocytes
in bone
types of cells in connective tissues
fat cells
white blood cells
mast cells
macrophages
fat cells
very important to our bodies
Store nutrients
Very little fibers
white blood cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Tissue response to injury
mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Guard against bacteria coming in
macrophages
gig eaters
Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in the immune system
what classes of connective tissue do connective tissue proper contain
all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood
two subclasses of connective tissues
loose connective tissues
dense connective tissues
what falls under loose connective tissues
areolar
adipose
reticular
what is another name for dense connective tissues
fibrous connective tissues
what falls under dense connective tissues
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
areolar connective tissues
support and bind other tissues most widely distributed Provide reservoir of water and salts Defend against infection Store nutrients as fat Fibroblasts Loose arrangement of fibers Ground substance
what is the universal packing material between other tissues
areolar connective tissues
what happens when areolar connective tissues are inflamed
edema- soaks up fluid
what does adipose mean
fat
what does white fat produce
ATP
what makes adipose different from areolar
similar but has greater nutrient storage, insurance policy
what is a fat cell called
adipocyte
primary purpose of adipocytes
stores nutrients
what type of matrix are in adipose tissues
scanty (sparse)
are blood vessels present in adipose tissues
yes, richly vascularized
other functions of adipose tissues
shock absorption, insulation, energy storage
what age has a lot of brown fat
babies
why do babies need brown fat
cant shiver to produce body heat for their first year of life, helps to heat blood stream
what is the goal of brown fat
use lipid fuel to heat bloodstream not to produce ATP
what has longer-term energy storage white or brown fat?
brown fat
what does reticular mean
network of fibers
what makes reticular different from areolar connective resemble
resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fibers (no stretchy or collagen fibers)
what are reticular cells
fibroblasts
what do reticular connective tissues support
free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
dense regular connective tissues
closely packed bundles of collagen fibers, running parallel to the direction of pull
what is collagen
main connective tissues
what are collagen fibers
white fibers in us
what type of resistance do dense regular connective tissues have
great resistance to pulling, fibers are slightly wavy so they stretch a little
what does blast mean
to manufacture or make
what is a fibroblast
manufactures fibers and ground substance
how many cells are involved in dense regular connective
few, not many
are there are a lot of blood vessels in dense regular
no, poorly vascularized
characteristics of dense irregular
Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged
what makes dense irregular connective tissues strong
resists tension from many directions
3 types of dense irregular connective tissues
Dermis- lower layer in skin, tough tissue
Fibrous joint capsules
Fibrous coverings of some organs
what are usually elastic
some ligaments- those connecting adjacent vertebrae
what usually has elastic connective tissues
walls of larger arteries
chondroblasts
manufacturing cartilage
chondrocytes
mature cartilage
are cartilage weak or strong
tough yet flexible
do cartilage connective tissues have nerves
no, lack nerve fibers
how much water makes up cartilage connective tissues
80% water- can rebound after compression, gives it ability to wiggle and move
are there blood vessels in cartilage connective tissues
no, avascular
how do cartilage connective tissues get nutrients
Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it- perichondrium
what does peri mean
around cartilage
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
what is bone connective tissues also called
osseous tissues
what does bone connective tissues do
Supports and protects body structures very firm manor
what type of fish doesn’t have bones, what do they have instead
sharks, only cartilage-water supports their body
what does bone connective tissue do
Stores fat and synthesize blood cells in cavities
what is there more of in bone connective tissue: collagen or cartilage
collagen
what do bone connective tissues have
Has inorganic calcium salts reservoir in your body for calcium
what produces a matrix in bone connective tissues
osteoblasts
what maintains the matrix is bone connective tissues
osteocytes
what are structural units in bone connective tissues
osteons
are bones connective tissues vascularized
yes, highly vascularized
what is the most atypical connective tissue
blood
what state of matter is blood
fluid
what is the most common blood cell type
red blood cells
what is special about red blood cells
are only mature cells in body without nucleus, makes room to carry more oxygen
what do white blood cells deal with
infection
what are platelets
pieces of cells-broken or fragmented
what do platelets deal with
blood clotting
what occurs during blood clotting in blood connective tissues
fibers are soluble proteins that participate during blood clotting
what does blood connective tissues function in
transport
what are the 3 membrane types
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
where are cutaneous membranes found
skin
what makes up cutaneous membranes
keratinized startified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissues
what is keratin
protein
epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
dermis
thick layer of connective tissue
what does keratin do
Kills the cells, so the cells are not alive, cells replaced every few weeks
what kind of membranes are cutaneous membranes
dry membrane- normally, secrete things onto it so it can become sweaty and oily
what does mucosa indicate
location not cell composition
what are mucous membranes called
mucosae
what does mucosae line
body cavities open to the exterior
what does the epithelial sheet of mucous membranes lie over
sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called lamina propria
what do mucous membranes secrete
mucus (noun)
serosae
found in closed ventral body cavity
what is the mesothelium made up of
Simple squamous epithelium
in serous membranes where is the mesothelium
resting on thin areolar connective tissue
parietal serosae
line internal body cavity walls
visceral serosae
cover internal organs
what is between layers of serous membranes
serous fluids
plurae
lungs
pericardium
heart
peritoneum
abdomen
why is tissue repair necessary
tissues do not last forever
when is tissue repair necessary
when barriers are penetrated, tissue cut or penetrated
what do cells do in tissue repair
divide and migrate
what are 2 ways that tissue repair happens
regeneration
fibrosis
what is regeneration
Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function restored
what is fibrosis
Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function lost becomes less functional
germination
to grow,
primary germ layers
primary growing layers
list of germ layers from superficial to deep
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
ectoderm
outer skin
mesoderm
middle skin
endoderm
inner skin
when do primary germ layers form
early in embryonic development
where do nerve tissues arise from
ectoderm
where do muscle and connective tissues arise from
mesoderm
where do epithelial tissues arise from
all 3 germ layers
