9/23 Class Lecture Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Where do tissues fall on the organization chain
A
after the first level of life, cells
2
Q
individual body cells are
A
specialized
3
Q
how are individual body cells specialized
A
Each type performs specific functions that maintain homeostasis
4
Q
what is due to the specific functions of cells
A
specific structure is because of specific function
5
Q
what is an example of interrelationship
A
structure allows for function
6
Q
tissues
A
Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function
7
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
8
Q
what are the types of primary tissues
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
9
Q
what do epithelial tissues do
A
cover or lines
forms boundaries between different environments protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
10
Q
where can epithelial tissues be
A
exterior or interior
skin
11
Q
what do connective tissues do
A
support
links body tissues together
support protects binds other tissues together
12
Q
what do muscle tissues do
A
produce movement
muscles contracting with force
contracts to cause movement
13
Q
what do nerve tissues do
A
controls everything going on inside the cell
transmits chemical impulses
internal communication
14
Q
what types of tissues do plants have
A
epithelial and connective
15
Q
which tissue is the most diverse
A
connective
16
Q
where are nervous tissues found
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves
17
Q
what muscles are included in muscular tissues
A
Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
Muscles of heart (cardiac)
Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth
18
Q
examples of epithelial tissues
A
the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs skin surface (epidermis)
19
Q
where are connective tissues found
A
bones
tendons
fats and other soft padding tissue
20
Q
what must tissues go through before they can be viewed under a microscope
A
the tissue is fixed, cut, and stained
21
Q
what does it mean that the tissue was fixed
A
preserved through a lot of treatment
22
Q
what does a tissue go through when it is cut
A
Sliced thin enough to transmit light or electrons
microtone-slicing machine with a big blade
tissue is embedded in wax
23
Q
what does a tissue do when it is stained
A
enhanced contrast
certain parts will absorb more stain than others
24
Q
what are the 2 main types of epithelial tissues
A
covering and lining epithelial
glandular epithelial
25
where is the covering and lining of epithelial tissues located
skin, inside the digestive tract, mouth
| external and internal surface
26
can you see glandular epithelia tissues
no
27
examples of glandular epithelia
secretory tissues in glands
| On both sides of the frenulum, part of salivary glands
28
how is salvia stimulated
something present in mouth
29
epithelial tissue functions
```
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory reception
```
30
filtration
separation, some things pass through some things don’t make it
31
excretion
waste given off, most common urea (nitrogen waste)
32
secretion
useful ex: saliva
33
sensory reception
bringing things in, sense of touch when related to skin
34
5 characteristics of epithelial tissues
```
polarity,
specialized contracts
supported by connective tissue
avascular, inervated
can regenerate
```
35
what does specialized contracts mean
touch to other systems
36
avascular
without blood vessels
37
innervated
has nerves
38
how do avascular cells get their nutrients
diffusion
39
what is the apical surface
(upper free) exposed to exterior or cavity
40
what is the basal surface
(lower, attached)
41
how do the apical and basal surface differ
differ in structure and function
42
characteristics of apical surface
smooth and slick, some have microvilli (e.g., brush border of intestinal lining), some have cilia
43
what do microvilli do
Increase surface area
| In digestive system it would be most
44
what do cilia do
moves things across the cell
45
characteristics of noncellular basal lamina
Glycoprotein and collagen fibers lies adjacent to basal surface
Adhesive sheet
Selective filter things passing through or passing out
Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
46
Specialized Contacts of Epithelial tissues
Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together
| Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells
47
what type of contacts are the adjacent cells
lateral contacts
48
what were the lateral contacts
Tight junction- increase security
| Desmosomes- increases security
49
what are the types of connective tissue support
reticular lamina, basement membrane
50
reticular lamina
Deep to basal lamina
| Network of collagen fibers
51
basement membrane
Basal lamina + reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing only happens to a limited degree
Defines epithelial boundary
52
are there blood vessels in epithelial tissues
no
53
why arent there blood vessels in epithelial tissues
thin so diffusion cant afford
54
what are epithelial cells supported by
nerve fibers
55
why is regeneration important to epithelial cells
Important to regenerate bc these cells are often rubbed away
56
what is regeneration stimulated by
by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts:
57
why does regeneration happen
Some exposed to friction
| Some exposed to hostile substances (cancer)
58
what is needed for regeneration to be successful
adequate nutrients replace lost cells by cell division
59
what are the 2 classifications of epithelia related to layers
simple and stratified
60
what are the classifications of shape for epithelia
squambous
cuboidal
columnar
61
what does simple epithelia mean
single layer of cells
62
what does stratified epithelia mean
two or more layers of cells
63
squamous
squashed
Flattened and scalelike
Nucleus flattened nucleus is flat
64
cuboidal
cube
Boxlike
Nucleus round
65
columnar
tall like a column
Tall; column shaped
Nucleus elongated, nucleus shaped like a column
66
how are stratified epithelia classified for shape
in the apical layer
67
simple epithelia classifications
absorption, secretion, filtration, very thin
68
why are simple epithelia so thin
all the functions have material passing through them so it has to be very thin
69
simple squamous epithelium
Cells flattened laterally, Cytoplasm sparse, function where rapid diffusion is priority,
70
why is cytoplasm sparse in simple squamous
since its thin-not a lot of cytoplasm, not a lot of cytoplasm then it is not going to produce a lot of chemicals
71
what are the two locations for simple squamous
endothelium and mesothelium
72
endothelium
means inside layer
| The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart- circulatory system
73
mesothelium
idea of middle
| The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity- certain membranes
74
simple cuboidal classifications
Single layer of cells
Secretion
Absorption
Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
75
simple columnar classifications
Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
Absorption
Secretion
76
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
```
Cells vary in height:
Cell nuclei at different levels
Appears stratified, but is not so its simple
Secretion
Absorption
```
77
stratified epithelial tissues
Two or more cell layers
Regenerate from below
More durable than simple epithelia
Protection is major role
78
how to stratified epithelial regenerate
Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface
| push up to surface
79
what is the most widespread of the stratified epithelial
stratified squamous
80
where are stratified squamous cells found
on skin
| inside and outside
81
what are stratified squamous important for
wear and tear
82
where are the stratified squamous farthest away from
basal layer
83
why are nutrients less viable in the stratified squamous
as the layers build up it is harder to get the oxygen supply under the first layer
84
what are stratified cuboidal epithelium
Quite rare
Found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically two cell layers thick
85
where are stratified columnar epithelium found
Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
transition areas between two other types of epithelia
Only apical layer columnar
86
what does transitional epithelium mean
going from one to another
87
where are the transitional epithelium
Forms lining of hollow urinary organs
88
what type of transitional epithelium are basal cells
cuboidal or columnar
89
what can transitional epithelium do
Ability to change shape with stretch
90
examples where transitional epithelium are found
stomach
bladder
**places that stretch
91
what type of transitional epithelium are apical cells
vary in appearance
92
what is a gland
One or more cells that make and secretes an aqueous fluid (water base) called a secretion
93
what are glandular epithelia classified by
side of product release (endo or exocrine)
| the relative number of cells forming the gland
94
what is endocrine
on the inside, secrete into blood
95
what is the exocrine
enzymes secreted, has a tube that takes things out
96
what organ is both endo and exocrine
pancreas- secretes insulin
97
what is a ductless gland
Secretions not released into a duct
98
what do endocrine glands secrete
Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph
99
what do exocrine glands secrete
Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
100
examples of exocrine gland secretions
(oil and sweat glands on skin or inner body surfaces in the digestive system)
101
what is there more of endo or exocrine glands
endo
102
where do exocrine glands secrete products to
into ducts
103
examples of exocrine glands
mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands
104
mucous
adjective
105
mucus
noun, water + mucin- the solution itself
106
mucin
noun, the chemical itself
107
what are important unicellular exocrine glands
mucous cells and goblet cells
108
where are unicellular exocrine glands found
in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
109
what do unicellular exocrine glands produce
mucin
110
when unicellualr exocrine glands produce mucin what is it dissolved in
Dissolves in water to form mucus
111
what does the mucous in unicellular exocrine cells do
Slimy protective, lubricating coating, internal lubricant
112
what are multicellular exocrine glands composed of
duct and secretory unit
113
what are multicellular exocrine glands surrounded by
supportive connective tissue
114
what do the supportive tissues do for multicellular exocrine glands
Supplies blood and nerve fibers
| Extends into and divides gland into lobes increase surface area
115
how are multicellular glands classified
by structure and type of secretion
116
what are the structure classifications of multicellular glands
simple, compound, tublear, alveolar, tubolalveolal
117
what are simple glands
unbranched ducts
118
what are compound glands
branched ducts
119
what is tubuloalveolar
mixture of tubular and alveolar
120
what are the types of secretion
merocine
holocrine
apocrine
121
merocrine
most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced, makes product and squirts it out (merely secretes the chemcial), pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands
122
holocrine
accumulate products within then rupture (secretes HOLE (whole) cells)
cells secrete by being broken down and going out
123
apocrine
accumulates products within but only apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans secrete a part of the cell
124
what does highly vascularized mean
lots of blood vessels, bc it needs all the oxygen and energy, biologically we move to get food
125
characteristics of muscular tissues
highly vascularized
| responsible for most types of movement
126
what are the 3 types of muscular tissues
skeletal muscle tissues
cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissues
127
what is the most abundant muscle tissue
skeletal
128
where are skeletal muscle tissues found
in skeletal muscle
129
what type of movement is skeletal muscle
voluntary
130
where are cardiac muscle tissues found
walls of heart
131
what type of movement is cardiac muscle
involuntary
132
where are smooth muscle tissues found
Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart, inside organs in our digestive system
133
what type of movement is smooth muscle tissues
involuntary
134
example of smooth muscles
pupil reflexes
135
what is the main component of the nervous system
nervous tissues
136
what are the sense organs
brain, spinal cord, nerves
137
what does nervous tissue regulate
Regulates and controls body functions
138
what are neurons
Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, electrical meaning there are ions that move along this
139
what are neuroglia
Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
140
what is the most abundant tissue
connective
141
what are the four main classes of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
142
major functions of connective tissues
```
Binding and support
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances (blood)
```
143
what makes connective tissues different from other primary tissues
```
Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
have extracellular matrix
```
144
what are the three structural elements of connective tissues
ground substance
fibers
cells
145
ground substance
mixture of chemicals
Unstructured material that fills space between cells
Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
146
fibers
degree of stringy things
147
cells
cells in connective tissues make the ground substances and fiber components
148
components of ground substances
interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins, Proteoglycans
149
what is interstitial fluid
between cells, clear fluid when you bleed, salty taste
150
what are protoglycans
Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
151
what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers
collagen, elastic support, reticular
152
what is collagen
white tissue
Strongest and most abundant type
Tough; provides high tensile strength (grab and pull apart and measures the force until it breaks)
153
what elastic fibers
stretchy, not a strong
| Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
154
what are reticular fibers
different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
| Branch, forming networks that offer more "give"
155
what does blast mean
early cells
156
what are blasts
Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers
157
fibroblast
in connective tissue proper, early cell that makes these fibers
158
chondroblasts
in cartilage chondro-cartildge
159
osteoblasts
in bone osteo-bones
160
what type of cells are in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells
161
what does 'cyte' mean
cells
162
what are cytes
Mature form; maintain matrix
163
chondrocytes
in cartilage cartiledge cells
164
osteocytes
in bone
165
types of cells in connective tissues
fat cells
white blood cells
mast cells
macrophages
166
fat cells
very important to our bodies
Store nutrients
Very little fibers
167
white blood cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
| Tissue response to injury
168
mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Guard against bacteria coming in
169
macrophages
gig eaters
| Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in the immune system
170
what classes of connective tissue do connective tissue proper contain
all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood
171
two subclasses of connective tissues
loose connective tissues
| dense connective tissues
172
what falls under loose connective tissues
areolar
adipose
reticular
173
what is another name for dense connective tissues
fibrous connective tissues
174
what falls under dense connective tissues
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
175
areolar connective tissues
```
support and bind other tissues
most widely distributed
Provide reservoir of water and salts
Defend against infection
Store nutrients as fat
Fibroblasts
Loose arrangement of fibers
Ground substance
```
176
what is the universal packing material between other tissues
areolar connective tissues
177
what happens when areolar connective tissues are inflamed
edema- soaks up fluid
178
what does adipose mean
fat
179
what does white fat produce
ATP
180
what makes adipose different from areolar
similar but has greater nutrient storage, insurance policy
181
what is a fat cell called
adipocyte
182
primary purpose of adipocytes
stores nutrients
183
what type of matrix are in adipose tissues
scanty (sparse)
184
are blood vessels present in adipose tissues
yes, richly vascularized
185
other functions of adipose tissues
shock absorption, insulation, energy storage
186
what age has a lot of brown fat
babies
187
why do babies need brown fat
cant shiver to produce body heat for their first year of life, helps to heat blood stream
188
what is the goal of brown fat
use lipid fuel to heat bloodstream not to produce ATP
189
what has longer-term energy storage white or brown fat?
brown fat
190
what does reticular mean
network of fibers
191
what makes reticular different from areolar connective resemble
resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fibers (no stretchy or collagen fibers)
192
what are reticular cells
fibroblasts
193
what do reticular connective tissues support
free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
194
dense regular connective tissues
closely packed bundles of collagen fibers, running parallel to the direction of pull
195
what is collagen
main connective tissues
196
what are collagen fibers
white fibers in us
197
what type of resistance do dense regular connective tissues have
great resistance to pulling, fibers are slightly wavy so they stretch a little
198
what does blast mean
to manufacture or make
199
what is a fibroblast
manufactures fibers and ground substance
200
how many cells are involved in dense regular connective
few, not many
201
are there are a lot of blood vessels in dense regular
no, poorly vascularized
202
characteristics of dense irregular
Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged
203
what makes dense irregular connective tissues strong
resists tension from many directions
204
3 types of dense irregular connective tissues
Dermis- lower layer in skin, tough tissue
Fibrous joint capsules
Fibrous coverings of some organs
205
what are usually elastic
some ligaments- those connecting adjacent vertebrae
206
what usually has elastic connective tissues
walls of larger arteries
207
chondroblasts
manufacturing cartilage
208
chondrocytes
mature cartilage
209
are cartilage weak or strong
tough yet flexible
210
do cartilage connective tissues have nerves
no, lack nerve fibers
211
how much water makes up cartilage connective tissues
80% water- can rebound after compression, gives it ability to wiggle and move
212
are there blood vessels in cartilage connective tissues
no, avascular
213
how do cartilage connective tissues get nutrients
Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it- perichondrium
214
what does peri mean
around cartilage
215
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
216
what is bone connective tissues also called
osseous tissues
217
what does bone connective tissues do
Supports and protects body structures very firm manor
218
what type of fish doesn't have bones, what do they have instead
sharks, only cartilage-water supports their body
219
what does bone connective tissue do
Stores fat and synthesize blood cells in cavities
220
what is there more of in bone connective tissue: collagen or cartilage
collagen
221
what do bone connective tissues have
Has inorganic calcium salts reservoir in your body for calcium
222
what produces a matrix in bone connective tissues
osteoblasts
223
what maintains the matrix is bone connective tissues
osteocytes
224
what are structural units in bone connective tissues
osteons
225
are bones connective tissues vascularized
yes, highly vascularized
226
what is the most atypical connective tissue
blood
227
what state of matter is blood
fluid
228
what is the most common blood cell type
red blood cells
229
what is special about red blood cells
are only mature cells in body without nucleus, makes room to carry more oxygen
230
what do white blood cells deal with
infection
231
what are platelets
pieces of cells-broken or fragmented
232
what do platelets deal with
blood clotting
233
what occurs during blood clotting in blood connective tissues
fibers are soluble proteins that participate during blood clotting
234
what does blood connective tissues function in
transport
235
what are the 3 membrane types
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
236
where are cutaneous membranes found
skin
237
what makes up cutaneous membranes
keratinized startified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissues
238
what is keratin
protein
239
epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
240
dermis
thick layer of connective tissue
241
what does keratin do
Kills the cells, so the cells are not alive, cells replaced every few weeks
242
what kind of membranes are cutaneous membranes
dry membrane- normally, secrete things onto it so it can become sweaty and oily
243
what does mucosa indicate
location not cell composition
244
what are mucous membranes called
mucosae
245
what does mucosae line
body cavities open to the exterior
246
what does the epithelial sheet of mucous membranes lie over
sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called lamina propria
247
what do mucous membranes secrete
mucus (noun)
248
serosae
found in closed ventral body cavity
249
what is the mesothelium made up of
Simple squamous epithelium
250
in serous membranes where is the mesothelium
resting on thin areolar connective tissue
251
parietal serosae
line internal body cavity walls
252
visceral serosae
cover internal organs
253
what is between layers of serous membranes
serous fluids
254
plurae
lungs
255
pericardium
heart
256
peritoneum
abdomen
257
why is tissue repair necessary
tissues do not last forever
258
when is tissue repair necessary
when barriers are penetrated, tissue cut or penetrated
259
what do cells do in tissue repair
divide and migrate
260
what are 2 ways that tissue repair happens
regeneration
| fibrosis
261
what is regeneration
Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
| Original function restored
262
what is fibrosis
Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
| Original function lost becomes less functional
263
germination
to grow,
264
primary germ layers
primary growing layers
265
list of germ layers from superficial to deep
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
266
ectoderm
outer skin
267
mesoderm
middle skin
268
endoderm
inner skin
269
when do primary germ layers form
early in embryonic development
270
where do nerve tissues arise from
ectoderm
271
where do muscle and connective tissues arise from
mesoderm
272
where do epithelial tissues arise from
all 3 germ layers
