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Anatomy and Physiology > 9/23 Class Lecture Chapter 4 > Flashcards

9/23 Class Lecture Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do tissues fall on the organization chain

A

after the first level of life, cells

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2
Q

individual body cells are

A

specialized

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3
Q

how are individual body cells specialized

A

Each type performs specific functions that maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

what is due to the specific functions of cells

A

specific structure is because of specific function

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5
Q

what is an example of interrelationship

A

structure allows for function

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6
Q

tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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7
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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8
Q

what are the types of primary tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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9
Q

what do epithelial tissues do

A

cover or lines

forms boundaries between different environments protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

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10
Q

where can epithelial tissues be

A

exterior or interior

skin

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11
Q

what do connective tissues do

A

support
links body tissues together
support protects binds other tissues together

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12
Q

what do muscle tissues do

A

produce movement
muscles contracting with force
contracts to cause movement

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13
Q

what do nerve tissues do

A

controls everything going on inside the cell
transmits chemical impulses
internal communication

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14
Q

what types of tissues do plants have

A

epithelial and connective

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15
Q

which tissue is the most diverse

A

connective

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16
Q

where are nervous tissues found

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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17
Q

what muscles are included in muscular tissues

A

Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
Muscles of heart (cardiac)
Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth

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18
Q

examples of epithelial tissues

A 
the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs 
skin surface (epidermis)
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19
Q

where are connective tissues found

A

bones
tendons
fats and other soft padding tissue

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20
Q

what must tissues go through before they can be viewed under a microscope

A

the tissue is fixed, cut, and stained

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21
Q

what does it mean that the tissue was fixed

A

preserved through a lot of treatment

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22
Q

what does a tissue go through when it is cut

A

Sliced thin enough to transmit light or electrons
microtone-slicing machine with a big blade
tissue is embedded in wax

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23
Q

what does a tissue do when it is stained

A

enhanced contrast

certain parts will absorb more stain than others

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24
Q

what are the 2 main types of epithelial tissues

A

covering and lining epithelial

glandular epithelial

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25
Q

where is the covering and lining of epithelial tissues located

A

skin, inside the digestive tract, mouth

external and internal surface

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26
Q

can you see glandular epithelia tissues

A

no

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27
Q

examples of glandular epithelia

A

secretory tissues in glands

On both sides of the frenulum, part of salivary glands

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28
Q

how is salvia stimulated

A

something present in mouth

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29
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A 
Protection
Absorption
Filtration 
Excretion
Secretion 
Sensory reception
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30
Q

filtration

A

separation, some things pass through some things don’t make it

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31
Q

excretion

A

waste given off, most common urea (nitrogen waste)

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32
Q

secretion

A

useful ex: saliva

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33
Q

sensory reception

A

bringing things in, sense of touch when related to skin

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34
Q

5 characteristics of epithelial tissues

A 
polarity, 
specialized contracts 
supported by connective tissue 
avascular, inervated 
can regenerate
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35
Q

what does specialized contracts mean

A

touch to other systems

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36
Q

avascular

A

without blood vessels

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37
Q

innervated

A

has nerves

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38
Q

how do avascular cells get their nutrients

A

diffusion

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39
Q

what is the apical surface

A

(upper free) exposed to exterior or cavity

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40
Q

what is the basal surface

A

(lower, attached)

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41
Q

how do the apical and basal surface differ

A

differ in structure and function

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42
Q

characteristics of apical surface

A

smooth and slick, some have microvilli (e.g., brush border of intestinal lining), some have cilia

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43
Q

what do microvilli do

A

Increase surface area

In digestive system it would be most

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44
Q

what do cilia do

A

moves things across the cell

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45
Q

characteristics of noncellular basal lamina

A

Glycoprotein and collagen fibers lies adjacent to basal surface
Adhesive sheet
Selective filter things passing through or passing out
Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

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46
Q

Specialized Contacts of Epithelial tissues

A

Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together

Specialized contacts bind adjacent cells

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47
Q

what type of contacts are the adjacent cells

A

lateral contacts

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48
Q

what were the lateral contacts

A

Tight junction- increase security

Desmosomes- increases security

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49
Q

what are the types of connective tissue support

A

reticular lamina, basement membrane

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50
Q

reticular lamina

A

Deep to basal lamina

Network of collagen fibers

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51
Q

basement membrane

A

Basal lamina + reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing only happens to a limited degree
Defines epithelial boundary

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52
Q

are there blood vessels in epithelial tissues

A

no

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53
Q

why arent there blood vessels in epithelial tissues

A

thin so diffusion cant afford

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54
Q

what are epithelial cells supported by

A

nerve fibers

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55
Q

why is regeneration important to epithelial cells

A

Important to regenerate bc these cells are often rubbed away

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56
Q

what is regeneration stimulated by

A

by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts:

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57
Q

why does regeneration happen

A

Some exposed to friction

Some exposed to hostile substances (cancer)

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58
Q

what is needed for regeneration to be successful

A

adequate nutrients replace lost cells by cell division

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59
Q

what are the 2 classifications of epithelia related to layers

A

simple and stratified

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60
Q

what are the classifications of shape for epithelia

A

squambous
cuboidal
columnar

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61
Q

what does simple epithelia mean

A

single layer of cells

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62
Q

what does stratified epithelia mean

A

two or more layers of cells

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63
Q

squamous

A

squashed
Flattened and scalelike
Nucleus flattened nucleus is flat

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64
Q

cuboidal

A

cube
Boxlike
Nucleus round

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65
Q

columnar

A

tall like a column
Tall; column shaped
Nucleus elongated, nucleus shaped like a column

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66
Q

how are stratified epithelia classified for shape

A

in the apical layer

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67
Q

simple epithelia classifications

A

absorption, secretion, filtration, very thin

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68
Q

why are simple epithelia so thin

A

all the functions have material passing through them so it has to be very thin

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69
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

Cells flattened laterally, Cytoplasm sparse, function where rapid diffusion is priority,

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70
Q

why is cytoplasm sparse in simple squamous

A

since its thin-not a lot of cytoplasm, not a lot of cytoplasm then it is not going to produce a lot of chemicals

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71
Q

what are the two locations for simple squamous

A

endothelium and mesothelium

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72
Q

endothelium

A

means inside layer

The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart- circulatory system

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73
Q

mesothelium

A

idea of middle

The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity- certain membranes

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74
Q

simple cuboidal classifications

A

Single layer of cells
Secretion
Absorption
Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

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75
Q

simple columnar classifications

A

Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
Absorption
Secretion

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76
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A 
Cells vary in height:
Cell nuclei at different levels
Appears stratified, but is not so its simple 
Secretion
Absorption
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77
Q

stratified epithelial tissues

A

Two or more cell layers
Regenerate from below
More durable than simple epithelia
Protection is major role

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78
Q

how to stratified epithelial regenerate

A

Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface

push up to surface

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79
Q

what is the most widespread of the stratified epithelial

A

stratified squamous

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80
Q

where are stratified squamous cells found

A

on skin

inside and outside

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81
Q

what are stratified squamous important for

A

wear and tear

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82
Q

where are the stratified squamous farthest away from

A

basal layer

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83
Q

why are nutrients less viable in the stratified squamous

A

as the layers build up it is harder to get the oxygen supply under the first layer

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84
Q

what are stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Quite rare
Found in some sweat and mammary glands
Typically two cell layers thick

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85
Q

where are stratified columnar epithelium found

A

Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
transition areas between two other types of epithelia
Only apical layer columnar

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86
Q

what does transitional epithelium mean

A

going from one to another

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87
Q

where are the transitional epithelium

A

Forms lining of hollow urinary organs

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88
Q

what type of transitional epithelium are basal cells

A

cuboidal or columnar

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89
Q

what can transitional epithelium do

A

Ability to change shape with stretch

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90
Q

examples where transitional epithelium are found

A

stomach
bladder
**places that stretch

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91
Q

what type of transitional epithelium are apical cells

A

vary in appearance

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92
Q

what is a gland

A

One or more cells that make and secretes an aqueous fluid (water base) called a secretion

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93
Q

what are glandular epithelia classified by

A

side of product release (endo or exocrine)

the relative number of cells forming the gland

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94
Q

what is endocrine

A

on the inside, secrete into blood

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95
Q

what is the exocrine

A

enzymes secreted, has a tube that takes things out

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96
Q

what organ is both endo and exocrine

A

pancreas- secretes insulin

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97
Q

what is a ductless gland

A

Secretions not released into a duct

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98
Q

what do endocrine glands secrete

A

Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph

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99
Q

what do exocrine glands secrete

A

Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

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100
Q

examples of exocrine gland secretions

A

(oil and sweat glands on skin or inner body surfaces in the digestive system)

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101
Q

what is there more of endo or exocrine glands

A

endo

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102
Q

where do exocrine glands secrete products to

A

into ducts

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103
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

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104
Q

mucous

A

adjective

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105
Q

mucus

A

noun, water + mucin- the solution itself

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106
Q

mucin

A

noun, the chemical itself

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107
Q

what are important unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous cells and goblet cells

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108
Q

where are unicellular exocrine glands found

A

in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts

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109
Q

what do unicellular exocrine glands produce

A

mucin

110
Q

when unicellualr exocrine glands produce mucin what is it dissolved in

A

Dissolves in water to form mucus

111
Q

what does the mucous in unicellular exocrine cells do

A

Slimy protective, lubricating coating, internal lubricant

112
Q

what are multicellular exocrine glands composed of

A

duct and secretory unit

113
Q

what are multicellular exocrine glands surrounded by

A

supportive connective tissue

114
Q

what do the supportive tissues do for multicellular exocrine glands

A

Supplies blood and nerve fibers

Extends into and divides gland into lobes increase surface area

115
Q

how are multicellular glands classified

A

by structure and type of secretion

116
Q

what are the structure classifications of multicellular glands

A

simple, compound, tublear, alveolar, tubolalveolal

117
Q

what are simple glands

A

unbranched ducts

118
Q

what are compound glands

A

branched ducts

119
Q

what is tubuloalveolar

A

mixture of tubular and alveolar

120
Q

what are the types of secretion

A

merocine
holocrine
apocrine

121
Q

merocrine

A

most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced, makes product and squirts it out (merely secretes the chemcial), pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands

122
Q

holocrine

A

accumulate products within then rupture (secretes HOLE (whole) cells)
cells secrete by being broken down and going out

123
Q

apocrine

A

accumulates products within but only apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans secrete a part of the cell

124
Q

what does highly vascularized mean

A

lots of blood vessels, bc it needs all the oxygen and energy, biologically we move to get food

125
Q

characteristics of muscular tissues

A

highly vascularized

responsible for most types of movement

126
Q

what are the 3 types of muscular tissues

A

skeletal muscle tissues
cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissues

127
Q

what is the most abundant muscle tissue

A

skeletal

128
Q

where are skeletal muscle tissues found

A

in skeletal muscle

129
Q

what type of movement is skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

130
Q

where are cardiac muscle tissues found

A

walls of heart

131
Q

what type of movement is cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

132
Q

where are smooth muscle tissues found

A

Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart, inside organs in our digestive system

133
Q

what type of movement is smooth muscle tissues

A

involuntary

134
Q

example of smooth muscles

A

pupil reflexes

135
Q

what is the main component of the nervous system

A

nervous tissues

136
Q

what are the sense organs

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

137
Q

what does nervous tissue regulate

A

Regulates and controls body functions

138
Q

what are neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses, electrical meaning there are ions that move along this

139
Q

what are neuroglia

A

Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

140
Q

what is the most abundant tissue

A

connective

141
Q

what are the four main classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

142
Q

major functions of connective tissues

A 
Binding and support
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances (blood)
143
Q

what makes connective tissues different from other primary tissues

A 
Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
have extracellular matrix
144
Q

what are the three structural elements of connective tissues

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

145
Q

ground substance

A

mixture of chemicals
Unstructured material that fills space between cells
Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

146
Q

fibers

A

degree of stringy things

147
Q

cells

A

cells in connective tissues make the ground substances and fiber components

148
Q

components of ground substances

A

interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins, Proteoglycans

149
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

between cells, clear fluid when you bleed, salty taste

150
Q

what are protoglycans

A

Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance

151
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen, elastic support, reticular

152
Q

what is collagen

A

white tissue
Strongest and most abundant type
Tough; provides high tensile strength (grab and pull apart and measures the force until it breaks)

153
Q

what elastic fibers

A

stretchy, not a strong

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

154
Q

what are reticular fibers

A

different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)

Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

155
Q

what does blast mean

A

early cells

156
Q

what are blasts

A

Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers

157
Q

fibroblast

A

in connective tissue proper, early cell that makes these fibers

158
Q

chondroblasts

A

in cartilage chondro-cartildge

159
Q

osteoblasts

A

in bone osteo-bones

160
Q

what type of cells are in bone marrow

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

161
Q

what does ‘cyte’ mean

A

cells

162
Q

what are cytes

A

Mature form; maintain matrix

163
Q

chondrocytes

A

in cartilage cartiledge cells

164
Q

osteocytes

A

in bone

165
Q

types of cells in connective tissues

A

fat cells
white blood cells
mast cells
macrophages

166
Q

fat cells

A

very important to our bodies
Store nutrients
Very little fibers

167
Q

white blood cells

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

Tissue response to injury

168
Q

mast cells

A

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Guard against bacteria coming in

169
Q

macrophages

A

gig eaters

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in the immune system

170
Q

what classes of connective tissue do connective tissue proper contain

A

all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood

171
Q

two subclasses of connective tissues

A

loose connective tissues

dense connective tissues

172
Q

what falls under loose connective tissues

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

173
Q

what is another name for dense connective tissues

A

fibrous connective tissues

174
Q

what falls under dense connective tissues

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

175
Q

areolar connective tissues

A 
support and bind other tissues 
most widely distributed 
Provide reservoir of water and salts
Defend against infection
Store nutrients as fat
Fibroblasts
Loose arrangement of fibers
Ground substance
176
Q

what is the universal packing material between other tissues

A

areolar connective tissues

177
Q

what happens when areolar connective tissues are inflamed

A

edema- soaks up fluid

178
Q

what does adipose mean

A

fat

179
Q

what does white fat produce

A

ATP

180
Q

what makes adipose different from areolar

A

similar but has greater nutrient storage, insurance policy

181
Q

what is a fat cell called

A

adipocyte

182
Q

primary purpose of adipocytes

A

stores nutrients

183
Q

what type of matrix are in adipose tissues

A

scanty (sparse)

184
Q

are blood vessels present in adipose tissues

A

yes, richly vascularized

185
Q

other functions of adipose tissues

A

shock absorption, insulation, energy storage

186
Q

what age has a lot of brown fat

A

babies

187
Q

why do babies need brown fat

A

cant shiver to produce body heat for their first year of life, helps to heat blood stream

188
Q

what is the goal of brown fat

A

use lipid fuel to heat bloodstream not to produce ATP

189
Q

what has longer-term energy storage white or brown fat?

A

brown fat

190
Q

what does reticular mean

A

network of fibers

191
Q

what makes reticular different from areolar connective resemble

A

resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fibers (no stretchy or collagen fibers)

192
Q

what are reticular cells

A

fibroblasts

193
Q

what do reticular connective tissues support

A

free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

194
Q

dense regular connective tissues

A

closely packed bundles of collagen fibers, running parallel to the direction of pull

195
Q

what is collagen

A

main connective tissues

196
Q

what are collagen fibers

A

white fibers in us

197
Q

what type of resistance do dense regular connective tissues have

A

great resistance to pulling, fibers are slightly wavy so they stretch a little

198
Q

what does blast mean

A

to manufacture or make

199
Q

what is a fibroblast

A

manufactures fibers and ground substance

200
Q

how many cells are involved in dense regular connective

A

few, not many

201
Q

are there are a lot of blood vessels in dense regular

A

no, poorly vascularized

202
Q

characteristics of dense irregular

A

Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged

203
Q

what makes dense irregular connective tissues strong

A

resists tension from many directions

204
Q

3 types of dense irregular connective tissues

A

Dermis- lower layer in skin, tough tissue
Fibrous joint capsules
Fibrous coverings of some organs

205
Q

what are usually elastic

A

some ligaments- those connecting adjacent vertebrae

206
Q

what usually has elastic connective tissues

A

walls of larger arteries

207
Q

chondroblasts

A

manufacturing cartilage

208
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage

209
Q

are cartilage weak or strong

A

tough yet flexible

210
Q

do cartilage connective tissues have nerves

A

no, lack nerve fibers

211
Q

how much water makes up cartilage connective tissues

A

80% water- can rebound after compression, gives it ability to wiggle and move

212
Q

are there blood vessels in cartilage connective tissues

A

no, avascular

213
Q

how do cartilage connective tissues get nutrients

A

Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it- perichondrium

214
Q

what does peri mean

A

around cartilage

215
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

216
Q

what is bone connective tissues also called

A

osseous tissues

217
Q

what does bone connective tissues do

A

Supports and protects body structures very firm manor

218
Q

what type of fish doesn’t have bones, what do they have instead

A

sharks, only cartilage-water supports their body

219
Q

what does bone connective tissue do

A

Stores fat and synthesize blood cells in cavities

220
Q

what is there more of in bone connective tissue: collagen or cartilage

A

collagen

221
Q

what do bone connective tissues have

A

Has inorganic calcium salts reservoir in your body for calcium

222
Q

what produces a matrix in bone connective tissues

A

osteoblasts

223
Q

what maintains the matrix is bone connective tissues

A

osteocytes

224
Q

what are structural units in bone connective tissues

A

osteons

225
Q

are bones connective tissues vascularized

A

yes, highly vascularized

226
Q

what is the most atypical connective tissue

A

blood

227
Q

what state of matter is blood

A

fluid

228
Q

what is the most common blood cell type

A

red blood cells

229
Q

what is special about red blood cells

A

are only mature cells in body without nucleus, makes room to carry more oxygen

230
Q

what do white blood cells deal with

A

infection

231
Q

what are platelets

A

pieces of cells-broken or fragmented

232
Q

what do platelets deal with

A

blood clotting

233
Q

what occurs during blood clotting in blood connective tissues

A

fibers are soluble proteins that participate during blood clotting

234
Q

what does blood connective tissues function in

A

transport

235
Q

what are the 3 membrane types

A

Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes

236
Q

where are cutaneous membranes found

A

skin

237
Q

what makes up cutaneous membranes

A

keratinized startified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissues

238
Q

what is keratin

A

protein

239
Q

epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium

240
Q

dermis

A

thick layer of connective tissue

241
Q

what does keratin do

A

Kills the cells, so the cells are not alive, cells replaced every few weeks

242
Q

what kind of membranes are cutaneous membranes

A

dry membrane- normally, secrete things onto it so it can become sweaty and oily

243
Q

what does mucosa indicate

A

location not cell composition

244
Q

what are mucous membranes called

A

mucosae

245
Q

what does mucosae line

A

body cavities open to the exterior

246
Q

what does the epithelial sheet of mucous membranes lie over

A

sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called lamina propria

247
Q

what do mucous membranes secrete

A

mucus (noun)

248
Q

serosae

A

found in closed ventral body cavity

249
Q

what is the mesothelium made up of

A

Simple squamous epithelium

250
Q

in serous membranes where is the mesothelium

A

resting on thin areolar connective tissue

251
Q

parietal serosae

A

line internal body cavity walls

252
Q

visceral serosae

A

cover internal organs

253
Q

what is between layers of serous membranes

A

serous fluids

254
Q

plurae

A

lungs

255
Q

pericardium

A

heart

256
Q

peritoneum

A

abdomen

257
Q

why is tissue repair necessary

A

tissues do not last forever

258
Q

when is tissue repair necessary

A

when barriers are penetrated, tissue cut or penetrated

259
Q

what do cells do in tissue repair

A

divide and migrate

260
Q

what are 2 ways that tissue repair happens

A

regeneration

fibrosis

261
Q

what is regeneration

A

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function restored

262
Q

what is fibrosis

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

Original function lost becomes less functional

263
Q

germination

A

to grow,

264
Q

primary germ layers

A

primary growing layers

265
Q

list of germ layers from superficial to deep

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

266
Q

ectoderm

A

outer skin

267
Q

mesoderm

A

middle skin

268
Q

endoderm

A

inner skin

269
Q

when do primary germ layers form

A

early in embryonic development

270
Q

where do nerve tissues arise from

A

ectoderm

271
Q

where do muscle and connective tissues arise from

A

mesoderm

272
Q

where do epithelial tissues arise from

A

all 3 germ layers

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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