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Anatomy and Physiology > 10/2 Class Lecture Chapter 5 > Flashcards

10/2 Class Lecture Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

skin functions

A 
protection
body temperature regulation 
cutaneous sensation 
metabolic fucntions 
blood/water resevoir 
excretion
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2
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

pain, pressure, temperature

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3
Q

example of metabolic functions for skin

A

we make vitamin D in our skin

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4
Q

examples of secretion for skin

A

nitrogen waste mixed with our skin

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5
Q

another word for skin

A

integument

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6
Q

what is the largest body organ

A

skin

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7
Q

what are the two regions of the skin

A

dermis and epidermis

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8
Q

where is the epidermis

A

the superficial region, on top of the dermis

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9
Q

what tissue makes up the epidermis

A

epithelial tissue

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10
Q

where is the dermis

A

underlies epidermis

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11
Q

what tissue makes up demis

A

mostly fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

what is the hypodermis also called

A

superficial fascia

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13
Q

what is the hypodermis

A

connective tissue below the dermis
subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
anchors skin to the underlying structure- mostly muscles

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14
Q

is the hypodermis apart of the skin

A

no, but it shares some functions

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15
Q

who has more hair follicles male or females

A

both have same number

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16
Q

what is keratin

A

protein that kills cells and makes them waterproof

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17
Q

what makes up the epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum
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19
Q

what are the cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
tactile (merkel) cell

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20
Q

what do melanocytes contain

A

the pigment melanin

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21
Q

what are the structures for dendritic cells

A

root like structures

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22
Q

what do tactile (merkel) cells deal with

A

our immune system and fighting off bacteria

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23
Q

what type of fibers do keratinocytes produce

A

fibrous protein keratin

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24
Q

what cells make up most of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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25
Q

what are keratinocytes connected by

A

desmosomes

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26
Q

what cells makeup 10-25% of the deepest epidermis

A

melanocytes

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27
Q

what do melanocytes produce and how are they packaged

A

produce pigment melanin packages into melanosomes

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28
Q

what do melanocytes protect

A

Protect the apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage

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29
Q

what are dendric (Langerhan) cells

A

Macrophages – key activators of the immune system

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30
Q

what are tactile (Merkel) cells

A

sensory touch receptors

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31
Q

what is the deepest epidermal layer

A

stratum basal

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32
Q

what is the stratum basal also called

A

stratum germinativum

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33
Q

what is the stratum basal attached to

A

firmly attached to the epidermis

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34
Q

how many rows and what kind of cells do the stratum basal have

A

a single row of stem cells

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35
Q

what are stem cells

A

the generic type of cell, not specialized

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36
Q

What type of activity occurs in the stratum basal layer

A

actively mitotic

produces 2 daughter cells

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37
Q

how long does it take for cell to get to the basal surface

A

25-25 days

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38
Q

what happens as the cells move towards the surface during mitosis in the stratum basal

A

dies as it moves towards the surface (keratin kills the cell)

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39
Q

what does one cell do at the end of mitosis in the stratum basal

A

remains in the stratum basal as a stem cell

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40
Q

what 3 pigments contribute to skin color

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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41
Q

cyanosis

A

Other symptoms: fatigue, fainting

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42
Q

erythema

A

(redness) (person overheated, high blood pressure, inflammation, etc)
Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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43
Q

pallor

A

(blanching) opposite of erythema

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

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44
Q

jaundice

A

(yellow cast) seen in skin and in whites of the eyes
Liver disorder
Bile (yellow pigment produced in the liver)

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45
Q

bronzing

A

Inadequate steroid hormones in Addison’s disease

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46
Q

bruises

A

Clotted blood beneath skin

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47
Q

derivatives of the epidermis

A

Hairs and hair follicles
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

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48
Q

what does every hair have

A

Every hair has its own oil gland, lubrication system and it has its own muscle

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49
Q

what causes goosebumps

A

When the muscle contracts the hair stands up and produces goosebumps

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50
Q

what has heavy deposits of keratin

A

hair and nails

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51
Q

what is the purpose of finger nails

A

scratch and they give a backing with some support so we have dexterity to use our fingers to pick things up

52
Q

what type of product are nails

A

extracellular product

53
Q

what is the prickly layer of the epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

54
Q

how many cell layers make up the stratum spinosum

A

several layers thick

55
Q

what do stratum spinosum cells contain

A

Cells contain a web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments (will become keratin, keratin wannabe cells) attached to desmosomes

56
Q

what type of cells do stratum spinosum contain

A

Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells (defense cells) protect with color

57
Q

how many cell layers does the stratum granulosum

A

thin-4-6 cell layers

58
Q

what happens to cell appearance as they move up in the stratum granulosum layer

A

as they work their way up they become squamous (Cells flatten, Nuclei and organelles disintegrate, Keratinization begins, Cell accumulate lamellar granules)

59
Q

what happens to cells above the stratum granulosum layer

A

they die bc they are too far from dermal capillaries (too far away from their nutrition and oxygen)

60
Q

what is the clear layer

A

stratum lucidum

61
Q

where is the stratum lucidum found in

A

only in thick skin examples: palms of hands, soles of feet

62
Q

where is stratum lucidum located

A

Thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum

63
Q

how many layers of cells are in the stratum lucidum

A

A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

64
Q

what is the horny layer

A

stratum corneum

65
Q

how many layers of cells are in the stratum corneum

A

20–30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate (no nucleus) keratinized membranous sacs

66
Q

how thick is the stratum corneum

A

3 quarters of epidermal thickness

67
Q

what are the functions of cells in the stratum corneum

A

Protect deeper cells from the environment and water loss
Protect from abrasion and penetration
Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

68
Q

how do cells change in the epidermis

A

change as they grow

69
Q

apoptosis

A

Controlled cellular suicide
Nucleus and organelles break down
Plasma membrane thickens
Allows cells to slough off as dandruff and dander

70
Q

how many cells of the epidermis are shed every minute

A

50,000

71
Q

what cells make up the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

72
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

fiber making cells

73
Q

what do the fibers in the dermis do

A

fibers in matrix bind bodies together

74
Q

example of connective tissues

A

“hide” used to make leather

75
Q

what does the dermis contain

A

nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, epidermal hair follicles, oil and sweat glands

76
Q

what are the layers of the dermis

A

papillary, reticular

77
Q

papillary layer

A

Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels

78
Q

what type of tissue is in the dermis

A

loose tissue

79
Q

what is in the loose tissue in the dermis

A

phagocytes can patrol for microorganisms

80
Q

what are dermal papillae

A

bump-like, superficial peg-like projections, Most contain capillary loops some contain Meissner’s corpuscles, Some contain free nerve endings, In thick skin lie atop dermal ridges (fingerprints) that cause epidermal ridges

81
Q

what are meissners corpuscles

A

touch receptors (pain, pressure, temp)

82
Q

what are ridges collectively called in the dermis

A

friction ridges

83
Q

what do friction ridges do

A

Enhance gripping ability
Contribute to the sense of touch
Pattern is fingerprints

84
Q

what percent of dermal thickness does the reticular layer make up

A

80%

85
Q

what tissue makes up the reticular layer

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

86
Q

what allows for stretch in the reticular layer

A

Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties elasticity to our skin

87
Q

are collagen fibers weak or strong

A

strong

88
Q

what do the collagen fibers in the reticular layer allow for

A

Provide strength and resiliency

Bind water

89
Q

what do collagen fibers have in the reticular layer

A

cleavage lines

90
Q

what are cleavage lines

A

Externally invisible
Important to surgeons
Incisions parallel to cleavage lines gapless and heal more readily patterns and different ways to cut

91
Q

what are flecture lines

A

slide easily for joint movement causing deep creases Dermal folds at or near joints, where our skin bends
Dermis tightly secured to deeper structures at those spots, allowing some places to move
Skin cannot move unless in certain places
Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes

92
Q

what are striae

A

Silvery-white scars from dermal markings
“Stretch marks”
Extreme stretching causes dermal tears usually it’s just a folding

93
Q

what is a blister

A

Fluid-filled pocket that separtes epidermal and dermal layers
From acute, short-term trauma eventually goes back to being it self
Fluid-filled pocket that separate

94
Q

what are examples of skin markings

A

flecture lines, stria, blister

95
Q

what is melanin designed as

A

protection

96
Q

how many forms of melanin are there

A

2

97
Q

what are the forms of melanin

A

reddish-yellow to brownish-black

98
Q

what is color difference of melanin due to

A

amount and form

99
Q

where is melanin produced

A

melanocytes

100
Q

how much melanin and melanocytes are in people

A

the same number of melanocytes different amount of melanin

101
Q

what does the melanin do

A

Migrates to keratinocytes to form “pigment shields” for nuclei

102
Q

what are examples of local accumulation of melanin

A

Freckles and pigmented moles

103
Q

what stimulates melanin production

A

sun exposure

104
Q

what is another name for sunspots

A

tinea versicolor

105
Q

what causes sunspots

A

fungal infection

106
Q

are sunspots related to melanin

A

no

107
Q

carotene

A

all humans have a certain amount, some groups have a higher amount

108
Q

what color is carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment

109
Q

where is carotene located

A

palms and soles

110
Q

where is carotene accumulated

A

in stratum corneum and hypodermis

111
Q

what can carotene be converted to

A

to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

112
Q

what group has a yellow tinge and what contributes to it

A

some aisans have a yellow tinge from carotene and melanin variations

113
Q

hemoglobin

A

pinkish hue of fair skin

114
Q

what is hair

A

Dead keratinized cells of hard keratin

More durable than soft keratin of skin hair covers most of our skin, but some areas have no hair

115
Q

what areas do not have hair

A

palms, soles, lips, nipples, portions of external genitalia

116
Q

functions of hair

A

Warn of insects on skin
Physical trauma
Heat loss
Sunlight

117
Q

hair pigments

A

Melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black); trichosiderin in red hair
Gray/white hair: decreased melanin production, increased air bubbles in shaft

118
Q

are hair follicles living

A

hair is dead the follicle is alive

119
Q

where do hair follicles extend from

A

Extend from epidermal surface to dermis

120
Q

how many layers are apart of hair follicles

A

Two-layered wall - part dermis, part epidermis

121
Q

what is the hair bulb

A

expanded deep end
sensory nerve endings
hair follicle receptor
hair matrix

122
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

root hair plexus

123
Q

sensory nerve endings

A

touch receptors

124
Q

hair matrix

A

Actively dividing area hair grows from the roots on up

125
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Smooth muscle attached to follicle involuntary

Responsible for “goosebumps”

126
Q

hair papilla

A

Dermal tissue - blood supply

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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