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Anatomy and Physiology > 8/28,9/4 Class Lecture Chapter 2 > Flashcards

8/28,9/4 Class Lecture Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biochemistry

A

Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

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2
Q

what is needed for chemicals to be organic

A

carbon chain or ring, large complex molecule usually produced within a living organism

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3
Q

what are inorganic chemicals

A

everything that doesn’t have the carbons

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4
Q

what is the most abundant inorganic molecule inthe body

A

water

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5
Q

what are examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, many acids and bases

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6
Q

what is the exception molecule for an inorganic compound? why?

A

CO2 because it is not a chain, just one carbon

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7
Q

are humans organic or inorganic beings

A

organic

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8
Q

examples of organic molecules

A

carbs, lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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9
Q

What kind of bonds do organic molecules contain

A

covalent

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10
Q

are covalent bonds weaker or stronger

A

weak

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11
Q

what is more essential for life: organic or inorganic

A

both are equally essential for life

each has its goal

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12
Q

Can you live with just organic or just inorganic molecules

A

no cant live without one or the other

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13
Q

how much water makes up the human body

A

60-80%

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14
Q

why is water the most important inorganic compound

A

waters properties

water is polar covanelty bonded

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15
Q

what are the properties of water

A 
high heat capacity 
high heat of vaporization 
polar solvent properties
reactivity 
cushioning
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16
Q

what does high heat capacity mean

A

absorbs and releases heat with little temp change allowing homeostasis

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17
Q

what does high heat capacity prevent

A

sudden changes in temp

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18
Q

what cant water do easily because of high heat capacity

A

evaporate

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19
Q

what is high heat of vaporization

A

useful cooling mechanism

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20
Q

how do we cool down with high heat of vaporization

A

perspiration

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21
Q

what does evaporation need

A

large amounts of heat because it takes the heat with it

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22
Q

what does solvent mean

A

dissolves

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23
Q

what does the polar solvent property mean

A

dissolves and dissociates ionic substances

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24
Q

what does water do as a polar solvent

A

forms hydration layers around large charged molecules

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25
Q

what are the large charged molecules that water forms hydration layers around

A

protiens in colloid formation

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26
Q

because water is a polar solvent it allows water to be

A

the bodys major transport medium for everything we have

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27
Q

what is reactivity

A

a necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

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28
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

using water to break bonds, taking big molecules and breaking them apart

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29
Q

what is dehydration

A

taking water out and build molecules within use

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30
Q

example of dehydration synthesis

A

H2O H+ +OH-

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31
Q

what does lyse mean

A

to loosen or break

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32
Q

what kind of process is cushioning

A

physical

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33
Q

what does cushioning do

A

Protects certain organs from physical trauma

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34
Q

what is an example of an organ that is cushioned

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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35
Q

what are salts

A

Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water

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36
Q

what are ions

A

electrolytes

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37
Q

what do ions conduct in salts

A

electrical currents in solution

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38
Q

what are examples of ions play specialized roles in body functions

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron

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39
Q

where is iron found

A

the blood stream

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40
Q

why is ionic balance important

A

to maintain homeostasis

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41
Q

what are cations

A

positive charge

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42
Q

what are anions

A

negative charge

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43
Q

what types of ions to salts contain

A

cations other then H+ and anions other then OH-

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44
Q

what are common salts in the body

A

NaCl (sodium chloride) , CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), KCl (potassium chloride) , calcium phosphates Ca3(PO4)2

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45
Q

what are acids and bases

A

electrolytes

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46
Q

what does it mean to be an electrolyte

A

ionize and dissociate in water

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47
Q

what are acids

A

proton donors

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48
Q

what does it mean to be a proton donor

A

release H+ (a bare proton) in solution

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49
Q

what are bases

A

proton acceptors

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50
Q

what does it mean to be a proton acceptor

A

take up H+ from a solution

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51
Q

what does OH- accept

A

an available proton (H+)

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52
Q

what are some important acids

A

HCl (hydrochoric acid) , HC2H3O2 (HAc) (Acetic Acid), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

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53
Q

what are some important bases

A

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and ammonia (NH3)

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54
Q

what do bases accept

A

can accept a charge or a hydrogen

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55
Q

as free H+ ________, acidity _________

A

increases

increases

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56
Q

OH- ________ as H+ _________, pH_______

A

decreases
increases
decreases

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57
Q

the more _____ the greater ______

A

hydrogen ions

acidity

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58
Q

less hydroxyls causes pH to do what

A

go down

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59
Q

what is high acid on the scale

A

1 or 10^-1

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60
Q

what is low acid

A

14 or 10^-14

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61
Q

free H+ __________, alkalinity ________

A

decreases

increases

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62
Q

OH–_______ as H+ _________, pH ______

A

increases
decreases
increases

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63
Q

what is the definition of pH

A

negative logarithm (power) of [H+] in moles per liter

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64
Q

what is the pH scale range

A

0-14

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65
Q

ph is _________

A

logarithmic

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66
Q

a pH 5 solution is how many times more acidic than a ph 6 solution

A

10x

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67
Q

what is each unit of pH described as

A

power of 10

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68
Q

what is an acidic pH

A

0-6.99

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69
Q

what does a neutral solution mean

A

Equal numbers of H+ and OH–

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70
Q

what is the pH of a neutral solution

A

7

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71
Q

what acidity is water

A

pH neutral

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72
Q

what is the pH of bases

A

7.01-14

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73
Q

what happens when you mix acids and bases

A

Displacement reactions occur forming water and a salt

74
Q

what is a neutralization reaction

A

Joining of H+ and OH– to form water neutralizes the solution

75
Q

what does pH change interfere with

A

cell function and may damage living tissue

76
Q

what happens with a slight pH chnage in the body

A

can be fatal

77
Q

where is pH regulated

A

kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers

78
Q

what are buffers

A

chemicals that slow down a big change in pH

79
Q

what do buffers resist

A

abrupt and large swings in pH by releasing hydrogen ions if pH rises bind to hydrogen ions if pH lowers

80
Q

what do buffers convert

A

strong (completely dissociated) acids or bases into weak (slightly dissociated) ones

81
Q

what is an important buffer system of blood

A

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

82
Q

molecules that contain carbon

A

organic molecules

83
Q

exceptions to organic molecules

A

CO2 and CO

84
Q

what are CO2 and CO considered? why?

A

inorganic, because single molecules

85
Q

what charge is carbon

A

electroneutral

86
Q

what does electroneutral mean

A

no charge put on carbon

87
Q

what type of bonding is Carbon

A

covalent

88
Q

what does covalent bonding mean

A

shares electrons never gains or looses them

89
Q

how many covalent bonds does carbon form

A

4

90
Q

what type of bonds are covalent bonds on carbons

A

strong bonds with other elements

91
Q

what does it mean if a compound has lots of bonds

A

lots of energy

92
Q

what is special about organic compounds

A

unique to living systems

93
Q

how many bonds does each one have CHON

A

4, 1, 2, 3

94
Q

what are most organic compounds

A

polymers

95
Q

what does poly mean

A

many

96
Q

what is a polymer

A

chains of singular units called monomers

97
Q

what does mono mean

A

1

98
Q

what are monomers to polymers

A

building blocks

99
Q

how are organic compounds synthesized

A

dehydration synthesis

100
Q

what does dehydration synthesis mean

A

water is removed

101
Q

how are organic compounds broken down

A

hydrolysis reactions

102
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

water breaking or loosening

103
Q

What is hydrolysis refered to

A

water digestion is breaking the bonds

104
Q

what are carbs

A

sugars and starches

polymers

105
Q

when are carbs polymers

A

before we digest them

106
Q

what are the 3 classes of carbs

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

107
Q

Monosaccharides

A

– one sugar single

108
Q

Disaccharides –

A

two sugars double

109
Q

example of a disaccharide

A

table sugar- sucrose

110
Q

Polysaccharides –

A

many sugars

111
Q

functions of carbs

A

major source of cellular fuel

structural molecules

112
Q

example of a major source of cellular fuel

A

glucose-C6 sugar

113
Q

example of a structural moelcule

A

ribose sugar in RNA

114
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars containing three to seven C atoms

115
Q

general formula for a mono

A

(CH20)n

116
Q

monosaccarhides are ______ of carbs

A

monomers

117
Q

important monos

A

pentose and hexose

118
Q

what is pentose and examples

A

5 sugars

ribose and deoxyribose

119
Q

difference between ribose and deoxyribsoee

A

one less oxygen

120
Q

what is hexose and examples

A

6 suagrs

glucose

121
Q

what does glucose deal with

A

blood sugar

122
Q

formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

123
Q

what do our cells use glucose for

A

to get energy

124
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

Double sugars

125
Q

why cant a disaccharide go through a cell membrane

A

too large

126
Q

what must a disaccharide do to pass through a cell membrane

A

break a bond so the monomers can get through, one bond is holding them together

127
Q

what are important disaccharides

A

Sucrose (table salt), maltose, lactose (milk) (lactose intolerant bc you can’t break down lactase)

128
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

Polymers of monosaccharides

129
Q

where do polysaccharides get their energy

A

lots of bonds=lots of energy

130
Q

what are important polysaccarhides

A

Starch and glycogen

131
Q

are polysaccarhides soluble

A

not very

132
Q

what do lipids contain

A

Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes Phosphorous

133
Q

how do lipids respond in water

A

insoluble in water, does not dissolve

134
Q

main types of lipids

A

Triglycerides/ neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

135
Q

when are triglycerides called fat and when are they called oils

A

fat when solid

oil when liquid

136
Q

what are triglycerides composed of

A

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

137
Q

main fucntion of triglycerides

A

Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

138
Q

example of protection as a fucntion of a triglyceride

A

pads of fat behind your eye, shock absorption

139
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

Single covalent bonds between C atoms

Maximum number of H atoms

140
Q

example of saturated fatty acids

A

solid animal fats and butter

141
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more double bonds between C atoms

Reduced number of H atoms

142
Q

examples of unsatturated fatty acids

A

plant oils ex: olive oil

143
Q

what is healthier saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated are heart healthy

144
Q

what are trans fats

A

– modified oils – unhealthy

145
Q

what are omega 3

A

fatty acids – “heart healthy

146
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

modified triglyceride

Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorous

147
Q

how are the head and tail regions of phosolipids related

A

different properties

148
Q

what are phosolipids important for?

A

cell membrane structure

149
Q

what are steriods

A

Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure

Specific structure different from everything else

150
Q

examples of steriods

A

Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones (sex hormones), and bile salts digestion and in our blood

151
Q

what is the most important steriod

A

cholesterol

152
Q

what is cholesterol

A

Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Grandparent for the other steroids, does it all

153
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

transport fats in the blood

154
Q

what do protiens contain

A

CHON, sometimes sulfer and phosphorous

155
Q

what is an example of a protein

A

hair

156
Q

what is the one element that smells

A

sulfur

157
Q

proteins are ______

A

polymers

158
Q

what are the monomers to proteins

A

amino acids

159
Q

what type of bonds are proteins bonded by

A

covalent bonds called peptide bonds

160
Q

what 2 groups do protein contain

A

amine and acid group

161
Q

does protein act as an acid or a base

A

can act as either one

162
Q

what are the two basic types of proteins

A

fibrous and globular

163
Q

what are fibrous protiens

A

Straight
Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable
Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D)
Provide mechanical support and tensile strength

164
Q

what does fibrous mean

A

structural

165
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

166
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

167
Q

what are globular proteins

A

Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Lumpy
Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) own special structures
Specific functional regions (active sites)

168
Q

examples of globular proteins

A

antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

169
Q

what is denaturation

A

when structure breaks down naturally

170
Q

what happens when globular proteins denature

A

unfold and lose functional, 3-D shape

Active sites destroyed

171
Q

what causes the proteins to denature

A

decreased pH or increased temperature

172
Q

is deanturation reversible

A

(sometimes) reversible if normal conditions restored

173
Q

when is denaturation irreversible

A

if changes are extreme

174
Q

example of irreversible denaturation

A

cooking an egg

175
Q

what are enzymes

A

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

176
Q

all enzymes are _______ but not all _______ are enzymes

A

proteins

177
Q

what do catalysts do

A

Regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions

Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute!)

178
Q

enzymes are

A

specific

179
Q

what do enzymes act on

A

specific substrate

180
Q

a mechanism for enzymes

A

lock and key

The shape is the enzyme, the lock is the molecule its acting on (substrate)

181
Q

what is an enzyme ending

A

ase

182
Q

what are enzymes named for

A

reaction they catalyze

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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