8/28,9/4 Class Lecture Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is biochemistry
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
what is needed for chemicals to be organic
carbon chain or ring, large complex molecule usually produced within a living organism
what are inorganic chemicals
everything that doesn’t have the carbons
what is the most abundant inorganic molecule inthe body
water
what are examples of inorganic compounds
water, salts, many acids and bases
what is the exception molecule for an inorganic compound? why?
CO2 because it is not a chain, just one carbon
are humans organic or inorganic beings
organic
examples of organic molecules
carbs, lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
What kind of bonds do organic molecules contain
covalent
are covalent bonds weaker or stronger
weak
what is more essential for life: organic or inorganic
both are equally essential for life
each has its goal
Can you live with just organic or just inorganic molecules
no cant live without one or the other
how much water makes up the human body
60-80%
why is water the most important inorganic compound
waters properties
water is polar covanelty bonded
what are the properties of water
high heat capacity high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactivity cushioning
what does high heat capacity mean
absorbs and releases heat with little temp change allowing homeostasis
what does high heat capacity prevent
sudden changes in temp
what cant water do easily because of high heat capacity
evaporate
what is high heat of vaporization
useful cooling mechanism
how do we cool down with high heat of vaporization
perspiration
what does evaporation need
large amounts of heat because it takes the heat with it
what does solvent mean
dissolves
what does the polar solvent property mean
dissolves and dissociates ionic substances
what does water do as a polar solvent
forms hydration layers around large charged molecules
what are the large charged molecules that water forms hydration layers around
protiens in colloid formation
because water is a polar solvent it allows water to be
the bodys major transport medium for everything we have
what is reactivity
a necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
what is hydrolysis
using water to break bonds, taking big molecules and breaking them apart
what is dehydration
taking water out and build molecules within use
example of dehydration synthesis
H2O H+ +OH-
what does lyse mean
to loosen or break
what kind of process is cushioning
physical
what does cushioning do
Protects certain organs from physical trauma
what is an example of an organ that is cushioned
cerebral spinal fluid
what are salts
Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
what are ions
electrolytes
what do ions conduct in salts
electrical currents in solution
what are examples of ions play specialized roles in body functions
sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron
where is iron found
the blood stream
why is ionic balance important
to maintain homeostasis
what are cations
positive charge
what are anions
negative charge
what types of ions to salts contain
cations other then H+ and anions other then OH-
what are common salts in the body
NaCl (sodium chloride) , CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), KCl (potassium chloride) , calcium phosphates Ca3(PO4)2
what are acids and bases
electrolytes
what does it mean to be an electrolyte
ionize and dissociate in water
what are acids
proton donors
what does it mean to be a proton donor
release H+ (a bare proton) in solution
what are bases
proton acceptors
what does it mean to be a proton acceptor
take up H+ from a solution
what does OH- accept
an available proton (H+)
what are some important acids
HCl (hydrochoric acid) , HC2H3O2 (HAc) (Acetic Acid), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
what are some important bases
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and ammonia (NH3)
what do bases accept
can accept a charge or a hydrogen
as free H+ ________, acidity _________
increases
increases
OH- ________ as H+ _________, pH_______
decreases
increases
decreases
the more _____ the greater ______
hydrogen ions
acidity
less hydroxyls causes pH to do what
go down
what is high acid on the scale
1 or 10^-1
what is low acid
14 or 10^-14
free H+ __________, alkalinity ________
decreases
increases
OH–_______ as H+ _________, pH ______
increases
decreases
increases
what is the definition of pH
negative logarithm (power) of [H+] in moles per liter
what is the pH scale range
0-14
ph is _________
logarithmic
a pH 5 solution is how many times more acidic than a ph 6 solution
10x
what is each unit of pH described as
power of 10
what is an acidic pH
0-6.99
what does a neutral solution mean
Equal numbers of H+ and OH–
what is the pH of a neutral solution
7
what acidity is water
pH neutral
what is the pH of bases
7.01-14
what happens when you mix acids and bases
Displacement reactions occur forming water and a salt
what is a neutralization reaction
Joining of H+ and OH– to form water neutralizes the solution
what does pH change interfere with
cell function and may damage living tissue
what happens with a slight pH chnage in the body
can be fatal
where is pH regulated
kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers
what are buffers
chemicals that slow down a big change in pH
what do buffers resist
abrupt and large swings in pH by releasing hydrogen ions if pH rises bind to hydrogen ions if pH lowers
what do buffers convert
strong (completely dissociated) acids or bases into weak (slightly dissociated) ones
what is an important buffer system of blood
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
molecules that contain carbon
organic molecules
exceptions to organic molecules
CO2 and CO
what are CO2 and CO considered? why?
inorganic, because single molecules
what charge is carbon
electroneutral
what does electroneutral mean
no charge put on carbon
what type of bonding is Carbon
covalent
what does covalent bonding mean
shares electrons never gains or looses them
how many covalent bonds does carbon form
4
what type of bonds are covalent bonds on carbons
strong bonds with other elements
what does it mean if a compound has lots of bonds
lots of energy
what is special about organic compounds
unique to living systems
how many bonds does each one have CHON
4, 1, 2, 3
what are most organic compounds
polymers
what does poly mean
many
what is a polymer
chains of singular units called monomers
what does mono mean
1
what are monomers to polymers
building blocks
how are organic compounds synthesized
dehydration synthesis
what does dehydration synthesis mean
water is removed
how are organic compounds broken down
hydrolysis reactions
what is a hydrolysis reaction
water breaking or loosening
What is hydrolysis refered to
water digestion is breaking the bonds
what are carbs
sugars and starches
polymers
when are carbs polymers
before we digest them
what are the 3 classes of carbs
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
– one sugar single
Disaccharides –
two sugars double
example of a disaccharide
table sugar- sucrose
Polysaccharides –
many sugars
functions of carbs
major source of cellular fuel
structural molecules
example of a major source of cellular fuel
glucose-C6 sugar
example of a structural moelcule
ribose sugar in RNA
what are monosaccharides
Simple sugars containing three to seven C atoms
general formula for a mono
(CH20)n
monosaccarhides are ______ of carbs
monomers
important monos
pentose and hexose
what is pentose and examples
5 sugars
ribose and deoxyribose
difference between ribose and deoxyribsoee
one less oxygen
what is hexose and examples
6 suagrs
glucose
what does glucose deal with
blood sugar
formula for glucose
C6H12O6
what do our cells use glucose for
to get energy
what is a disaccharide
Double sugars
why cant a disaccharide go through a cell membrane
too large
what must a disaccharide do to pass through a cell membrane
break a bond so the monomers can get through, one bond is holding them together
what are important disaccharides
Sucrose (table salt), maltose, lactose (milk) (lactose intolerant bc you can’t break down lactase)
what is a polysaccharide
Polymers of monosaccharides
where do polysaccharides get their energy
lots of bonds=lots of energy
what are important polysaccarhides
Starch and glycogen
are polysaccarhides soluble
not very
what do lipids contain
Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes Phosphorous
how do lipids respond in water
insoluble in water, does not dissolve
main types of lipids
Triglycerides/ neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
when are triglycerides called fat and when are they called oils
fat when solid
oil when liquid
what are triglycerides composed of
Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
main fucntion of triglycerides
Energy storage
Insulation
Protection
example of protection as a fucntion of a triglyceride
pads of fat behind your eye, shock absorption
what is a saturated fatty acid
Single covalent bonds between C atoms
Maximum number of H atoms
example of saturated fatty acids
solid animal fats and butter
what are unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds between C atoms
Reduced number of H atoms
examples of unsatturated fatty acids
plant oils ex: olive oil
what is healthier saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated are heart healthy
what are trans fats
– modified oils – unhealthy
what are omega 3
fatty acids – “heart healthy
what is a phospholipid
modified triglyceride
Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorous
how are the head and tail regions of phosolipids related
different properties
what are phosolipids important for?
cell membrane structure
what are steriods
Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure
Specific structure different from everything else
examples of steriods
Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones (sex hormones), and bile salts digestion and in our blood
what is the most important steriod
cholesterol
what is cholesterol
Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Grandparent for the other steroids, does it all
what are lipoproteins
transport fats in the blood
what do protiens contain
CHON, sometimes sulfer and phosphorous
what is an example of a protein
hair
what is the one element that smells
sulfur
proteins are ______
polymers
what are the monomers to proteins
amino acids
what type of bonds are proteins bonded by
covalent bonds called peptide bonds
what 2 groups do protein contain
amine and acid group
does protein act as an acid or a base
can act as either one
what are the two basic types of proteins
fibrous and globular
what are fibrous protiens
Straight
Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable
Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D)
Provide mechanical support and tensile strength
what does fibrous mean
structural
examples of fibrous proteins
keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers
what is the most abundant protein in the body
collagen
what are globular proteins
Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Lumpy
Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) own special structures
Specific functional regions (active sites)
examples of globular proteins
antibodies, hormones, and enzymes
what is denaturation
when structure breaks down naturally
what happens when globular proteins denature
unfold and lose functional, 3-D shape
Active sites destroyed
what causes the proteins to denature
decreased pH or increased temperature
is deanturation reversible
(sometimes) reversible if normal conditions restored
when is denaturation irreversible
if changes are extreme
example of irreversible denaturation
cooking an egg
what are enzymes
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
all enzymes are _______ but not all _______ are enzymes
proteins
what do catalysts do
Regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions
Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute!)
enzymes are
specific
what do enzymes act on
specific substrate
a mechanism for enzymes
lock and key
The shape is the enzyme, the lock is the molecule its acting on (substrate)
what is an enzyme ending
ase
what are enzymes named for
reaction they catalyze
