8/28,9/4 Class Lecture Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is biochemistry
A
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
2
Q
what is needed for chemicals to be organic
A
carbon chain or ring, large complex molecule usually produced within a living organism
3
Q
what are inorganic chemicals
A
everything that doesn’t have the carbons
4
Q
what is the most abundant inorganic molecule inthe body
A
water
5
Q
what are examples of inorganic compounds
A
water, salts, many acids and bases
6
Q
what is the exception molecule for an inorganic compound? why?
A
CO2 because it is not a chain, just one carbon
7
Q
are humans organic or inorganic beings
A
organic
8
Q
examples of organic molecules
A
carbs, lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
9
Q
What kind of bonds do organic molecules contain
A
covalent
10
Q
are covalent bonds weaker or stronger
A
weak
11
Q
what is more essential for life: organic or inorganic
A
both are equally essential for life
each has its goal
12
Q
Can you live with just organic or just inorganic molecules
A
no cant live without one or the other
13
Q
how much water makes up the human body
A
60-80%
14
Q
why is water the most important inorganic compound
A
waters properties
water is polar covanelty bonded
15
Q
what are the properties of water
A
high heat capacity high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactivity cushioning
16
Q
what does high heat capacity mean
A
absorbs and releases heat with little temp change allowing homeostasis
17
Q
what does high heat capacity prevent
A
sudden changes in temp
18
Q
what cant water do easily because of high heat capacity
A
evaporate
19
Q
what is high heat of vaporization
A
useful cooling mechanism
20
Q
how do we cool down with high heat of vaporization
A
perspiration
21
Q
what does evaporation need
A
large amounts of heat because it takes the heat with it
22
Q
what does solvent mean
A
dissolves
23
Q
what does the polar solvent property mean
A
dissolves and dissociates ionic substances
24
Q
what does water do as a polar solvent
A
forms hydration layers around large charged molecules
25
what are the large charged molecules that water forms hydration layers around
protiens in colloid formation
26
because water is a polar solvent it allows water to be
the bodys major transport medium for everything we have
27
what is reactivity
a necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
28
what is hydrolysis
using water to break bonds, taking big molecules and breaking them apart
29
what is dehydration
taking water out and build molecules within use
30
example of dehydration synthesis
H2O H+ +OH-
31
what does lyse mean
to loosen or break
32
what kind of process is cushioning
physical
33
what does cushioning do
Protects certain organs from physical trauma
34
what is an example of an organ that is cushioned
cerebral spinal fluid
35
what are salts
Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
36
what are ions
electrolytes
37
what do ions conduct in salts
electrical currents in solution
38
what are examples of ions play specialized roles in body functions
sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron
39
where is iron found
the blood stream
40
why is ionic balance important
to maintain homeostasis
41
what are cations
positive charge
42
what are anions
negative charge
43
what types of ions to salts contain
cations other then H+ and anions other then OH-
44
what are common salts in the body
NaCl (sodium chloride) , CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), KCl (potassium chloride) , calcium phosphates Ca3(PO4)2
45
what are acids and bases
electrolytes
46
what does it mean to be an electrolyte
ionize and dissociate in water
47
what are acids
proton donors
48
what does it mean to be a proton donor
release H+ (a bare proton) in solution
49
what are bases
proton acceptors
50
what does it mean to be a proton acceptor
take up H+ from a solution
51
what does OH- accept
an available proton (H+)
52
what are some important acids
HCl (hydrochoric acid) , HC2H3O2 (HAc) (Acetic Acid), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
53
what are some important bases
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and ammonia (NH3)
54
what do bases accept
can accept a charge or a hydrogen
55
as free H+ ________, acidity _________
increases
| increases
56
OH- ________ as H+ _________, pH_______
decreases
increases
decreases
57
the more _____ the greater ______
hydrogen ions
| acidity
58
less hydroxyls causes pH to do what
go down
59
what is high acid on the scale
1 or 10^-1
60
what is low acid
14 or 10^-14
61
free H+ __________, alkalinity ________
decreases
| increases
62
OH–_______ as H+ _________, pH ______
increases
decreases
increases
63
what is the definition of pH
negative logarithm (power) of [H+] in moles per liter
64
what is the pH scale range
0-14
65
ph is _________
logarithmic
66
a pH 5 solution is how many times more acidic than a ph 6 solution
10x
67
what is each unit of pH described as
power of 10
68
what is an acidic pH
0-6.99
69
what does a neutral solution mean
Equal numbers of H+ and OH–
70
what is the pH of a neutral solution
7
71
what acidity is water
pH neutral
72
what is the pH of bases
7.01-14
73
what happens when you mix acids and bases
Displacement reactions occur forming water and a salt
74
what is a neutralization reaction
Joining of H+ and OH– to form water neutralizes the solution
75
what does pH change interfere with
cell function and may damage living tissue
76
what happens with a slight pH chnage in the body
can be fatal
77
where is pH regulated
kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers
78
what are buffers
chemicals that slow down a big change in pH
79
what do buffers resist
abrupt and large swings in pH by releasing hydrogen ions if pH rises bind to hydrogen ions if pH lowers
80
what do buffers convert
strong (completely dissociated) acids or bases into weak (slightly dissociated) ones
81
what is an important buffer system of blood
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
82
molecules that contain carbon
organic molecules
83
exceptions to organic molecules
CO2 and CO
84
what are CO2 and CO considered? why?
inorganic, because single molecules
85
what charge is carbon
electroneutral
86
what does electroneutral mean
no charge put on carbon
87
what type of bonding is Carbon
covalent
88
what does covalent bonding mean
shares electrons never gains or looses them
89
how many covalent bonds does carbon form
4
90
what type of bonds are covalent bonds on carbons
strong bonds with other elements
91
what does it mean if a compound has lots of bonds
lots of energy
92
what is special about organic compounds
unique to living systems
93
how many bonds does each one have CHON
4, 1, 2, 3
94
what are most organic compounds
polymers
95
what does poly mean
many
96
what is a polymer
chains of singular units called monomers
97
what does mono mean
1
98
what are monomers to polymers
building blocks
99
how are organic compounds synthesized
dehydration synthesis
100
what does dehydration synthesis mean
water is removed
101
how are organic compounds broken down
hydrolysis reactions
102
what is a hydrolysis reaction
water breaking or loosening
103
What is hydrolysis refered to
water digestion is breaking the bonds
104
what are carbs
sugars and starches
| polymers
105
when are carbs polymers
before we digest them
106
what are the 3 classes of carbs
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
107
Monosaccharides
– one sugar single
108
Disaccharides –
two sugars double
109
example of a disaccharide
table sugar- sucrose
110
Polysaccharides –
many sugars
111
functions of carbs
major source of cellular fuel
| structural molecules
112
example of a major source of cellular fuel
glucose-C6 sugar
113
example of a structural moelcule
ribose sugar in RNA
114
what are monosaccharides
Simple sugars containing three to seven C atoms
115
general formula for a mono
(CH20)n
116
monosaccarhides are ______ of carbs
monomers
117
important monos
pentose and hexose
118
what is pentose and examples
5 sugars
| ribose and deoxyribose
119
difference between ribose and deoxyribsoee
one less oxygen
120
what is hexose and examples
6 suagrs
| glucose
121
what does glucose deal with
blood sugar
122
formula for glucose
C6H12O6
123
what do our cells use glucose for
to get energy
124
what is a disaccharide
Double sugars
125
why cant a disaccharide go through a cell membrane
too large
126
what must a disaccharide do to pass through a cell membrane
break a bond so the monomers can get through, one bond is holding them together
127
what are important disaccharides
Sucrose (table salt), maltose, lactose (milk) (lactose intolerant bc you can't break down lactase)
128
what is a polysaccharide
Polymers of monosaccharides
129
where do polysaccharides get their energy
lots of bonds=lots of energy
130
what are important polysaccarhides
Starch and glycogen
131
are polysaccarhides soluble
not very
132
what do lipids contain
Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes Phosphorous
133
how do lipids respond in water
insoluble in water, does not dissolve
134
main types of lipids
Triglycerides/ neutral fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
135
when are triglycerides called fat and when are they called oils
fat when solid
| oil when liquid
136
what are triglycerides composed of
Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
137
main fucntion of triglycerides
Energy storage
Insulation
Protection
138
example of protection as a fucntion of a triglyceride
pads of fat behind your eye, shock absorption
139
what is a saturated fatty acid
Single covalent bonds between C atoms
| Maximum number of H atoms
140
example of saturated fatty acids
solid animal fats and butter
141
what are unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds between C atoms
| Reduced number of H atoms
142
examples of unsatturated fatty acids
plant oils ex: olive oil
143
what is healthier saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated are heart healthy
144
what are trans fats
– modified oils – unhealthy
145
what are omega 3
fatty acids – “heart healthy
146
what is a phospholipid
modified triglyceride
| Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorous
147
how are the head and tail regions of phosolipids related
different properties
148
what are phosolipids important for?
cell membrane structure
149
what are steriods
Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure
| Specific structure different from everything else
150
examples of steriods
Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones (sex hormones), and bile salts digestion and in our blood
151
what is the most important steriod
cholesterol
152
what is cholesterol
Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Grandparent for the other steroids, does it all
153
what are lipoproteins
transport fats in the blood
154
what do protiens contain
CHON, sometimes sulfer and phosphorous
155
what is an example of a protein
hair
156
what is the one element that smells
sulfur
157
proteins are ______
polymers
158
what are the monomers to proteins
amino acids
159
what type of bonds are proteins bonded by
covalent bonds called peptide bonds
160
what 2 groups do protein contain
amine and acid group
161
does protein act as an acid or a base
can act as either one
162
what are the two basic types of proteins
fibrous and globular
163
what are fibrous protiens
Straight
Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable
Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D)
Provide mechanical support and tensile strength
164
what does fibrous mean
structural
165
examples of fibrous proteins
keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers
166
what is the most abundant protein in the body
collagen
167
what are globular proteins
Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Lumpy
Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) own special structures
Specific functional regions (active sites)
168
examples of globular proteins
antibodies, hormones, and enzymes
169
what is denaturation
when structure breaks down naturally
170
what happens when globular proteins denature
unfold and lose functional, 3-D shape
| Active sites destroyed
171
what causes the proteins to denature
decreased pH or increased temperature
172
is deanturation reversible
(sometimes) reversible if normal conditions restored
173
when is denaturation irreversible
if changes are extreme
174
example of irreversible denaturation
cooking an egg
175
what are enzymes
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
176
all enzymes are _______ but not all _______ are enzymes
proteins
177
what do catalysts do
Regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions
| Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute!)
178
enzymes are
specific
179
what do enzymes act on
specific substrate
180
a mechanism for enzymes
lock and key
| The shape is the enzyme, the lock is the molecule its acting on (substrate)
181
what is an enzyme ending
ase
182
what are enzymes named for
reaction they catalyze
