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Anatomy and Physiology > 9/9, 9/11 Class Lecture Chapter 3 > Flashcards

9/9, 9/11 Class Lecture Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

lipid bilayer and proteins

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2
Q

Are the proteins and the bilayer still or moving

A

constantly moving, constantly changing

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3
Q

what allows the proteins to move around without damage

A

fluid mosaic

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4
Q

what does fluid mosaic mean

A

cell membrane recovers if damaged

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5
Q

What type of role does plasma membrane have in cellular activity

A

active, dynamic role

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6
Q

What does the lipid bilayer separate

A

intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

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7
Q

abbreviation with intracellular fluid

A

ICF

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8
Q

abbreviation with extracellular fluid

A

ECF

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9
Q

What does ICF refer too

A

within cytoplasm

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10
Q

What does ECF refer to

A

everything outside of the cell

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11
Q

abbreviation for interstitial fluid

A

IF

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12
Q

what is the IF

A

things between and among cells, ECF that surrounds the cell

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13
Q

What makes up the membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids 75%
Glycolipids 5%
Cholesterol 20%

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14
Q

What are the phospholipids apart of

A

lipid bilayer

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15
Q

what makes up the phospholipids heads

A

phosphate

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16
Q

what are the phospholipid head properties

A

polar and hydrophilic

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17
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

likes water

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18
Q

what makes up the phospholipid tails

A

fatty acid

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19
Q

what are the phospholipid tail properties

A

non polar hydrophobic

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20
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

water-fearing

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21
Q

what makes up the glycolipids

A

Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface

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22
Q

what does cholesterol do

A

Increases membrane stability
Gives structural integrity
Can’t live without
structurally essential

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23
Q

what do membrane proteins do

A

Allow communication with environment, with rest of body, or with things floating around, through hormones

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24
Q

how much of plasma membrane do membrane proteins make up

A

1/2

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25
Q

where do the membrane proteins live

A

Some float freely, move around

Some tethered to intracellular structures, some are connected

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26
Q

what are the two types of membrane proteins

A

integral proteins, peripheral proteins

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27
Q

where are the integral proteins located

A

Firmly inserted into membrane

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28
Q

what type of regions do integral proteins have

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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29
Q

what do the hydro properties allow for integral proteins

A

allows them to have reactions

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30
Q

what do integral proteins function as

A

as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors

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31
Q

where are peripheral proteins located

A

Loosely attached to integral proteins, bonds not a strong, affected by other chemicals around them

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32
Q

what organelles do peripheral proteins include

A

filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support

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33
Q

the function of peripheral proteins

A

Function as enzymes; motor means movement proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction; cell-to-cell connections

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34
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A 
Transport
Receptors for signal transduction
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Enzymatic activity
Intercellular joining
Cell-cell recognition
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35
Q

what are cells surrounded by

A

IF

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36
Q

what does IF contain

A

amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products, some good, some bad, some neutral, some small enough to fit through the membrane

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37
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow the cell to do

A

Obtain from IF exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed, allows some things in and keep some things out
Keep out what it does not need

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38
Q

property of the plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable

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39
Q

what does selectively permeable mean

A

Some molecules pass through easily; some do not
Based on size and chemical properties
Charge, polarity

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40
Q

what are the ways that substances cross the membrane

A

passive process

active process

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41
Q

passive process

A

No cellular energy (ATP-cell energy) required, don’t use or need cell energy
Substance moves down its concentration gradient from greater to lesser
Natural process no energy needed
Molecule will passively diffuse through membrane if into or out of cells

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42
Q

active process

A

Energy (ATP) required,
Occurs only in living cell membranes
Does not happen in a non living world
We get our energy from the sun

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43
Q

two types of passive transport

A

diffusion and filtration

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44
Q

what is diffusion

A

greater to lesser concentration

Collisions molecule moving around cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient

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45
Q

a specialized type of diffusion

A

osmosis

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46
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through the membrane

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47
Q

where does filtration occur

A

usually across capillary walls

48
Q

example of filtration

A

kidneys filter blood

49
Q

how is the speed of diffusion decided

A

influenced by molecule size and temperature

50
Q

simple diffusion

A

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer of fat-soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer

51
Q

example of diffusion

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins

52
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

Certain lipophobic molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids, and ions) transported passively for them to get in our cells they need to go through the special processes

53
Q

what does facilitated diffusion do

A

Binding to protein carriers

Moving through water-filled channels

54
Q

what is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids) too large for channels molecule has to fit this assistor molecule
Binding of substrate causes shape change in carrier then passage across membrane as protein helps across it changes its position which changes its shape

55
Q

what are transmembrane integral proteins

A

carriers

56
Q

what is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion limited by

A

number of carriers present bc they could become saturated

57
Q

when are the carriers saturated in carrier meditated diffusion

A

when they are all engaged

58
Q

what is channel-mediated diffusion

A

Aqueous channels formed by transmembrane proteins

Selectively transport ions or water

59
Q

what are the two types of channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

leakage channels

gated channels

60
Q

what are leakage channels

A

always open

61
Q

what are gated channels

A

controlled by chemical or electrical signals

open and close

62
Q

what is osmosis

A

Movement of solvent (e.g., water) across selectively permeable membrane, diffusion of water through the membrane

63
Q

what does the water diffuse through in osmosis

A

plasma membrane
Through lipid bilayer
Through specific water channels called aquaporins (AQPs)

64
Q

when does osmosis occur

A

Occurs when water concentration different on the two sides of a membrane

65
Q

why type of process is osmosis

A

passive

no energy required

66
Q

what is osmolarity

A

Measure of total concentration of solute particles, similar to density (mass per unit volume) specific particles per solute particles

67
Q

when does water stop moving by osmosis

A 
hydrostatic pressure (back pressure of water on membrane) and osmotic pressure (tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis) equalize
opposing forces
68
Q

what happens when solutions of different osmolarity are separated by membrane permeable to all molecules

A

both solutes and water cross membrane until equilibrium reached, both cross if they can, if they can fit through

69
Q

what happes When solutions of different osmolarity are separated by membrane-impermeable to solutes

A

, osmosis occurs until equilibrium reached

70
Q

what does osmosis cause cells to do

A

swell and shrink

71
Q

what happens in osmosis when cell volume changes

A

disrupts cell function, especially in neurons

72
Q

what is tonocity

A

Ability of solution to alter cell’s water volume

73
Q

what is isotonic

A

Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol

74
Q

what is hypertonic

A

Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

75
Q

what is hypotonic

A

olution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

76
Q

what is metabolism

A

biochemical reactions inside cells involving nutrients- generalized and collective term

77
Q

what are the two types of metabolism reactions

A

anabolism and catabolism

78
Q

what is anabolism

A

synthesis of large molecules from small ones subsets of metabolism

79
Q

example of anabolism

A

. Amino acids to proteins, break down amino acids and turn into us

80
Q

what is catabolism

A

hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler one’s subsets of metabolism

81
Q

example of catabolism

A

proteins to amino acids

82
Q

when does metabolism occur in our cells

A

throughout life

83
Q

where does direct energy come from in metabolism

A

carbohydrates

84
Q

what type of process is cellular respiration

A

catabolism

85
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

how we get our energy

Catabolism of food fuels –> capture of energy to form ATP in cells

86
Q

what do enzymes shift during metabolism

A

shift high-energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules (phosphorylation)

87
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

releases the phosphate group

88
Q

what do phosphorylated molecules do during metabolism

A

molecules activated to perform cellular functions

89
Q

what are the three stages of processing nutrients

A

Digestion, absorption, and transport to tissues

90
Q

where does cellular processing occur

A

cytoplasm

91
Q

two processes in cellular processing

A

synthesis and catabolism

92
Q

what is synthesized during cellular processing

A

Synthesis of lipids, proteins, and glycogen

93
Q

what happens during catabolism of cellular processing

A

taking glucose and splitting it apart into pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA (co enzyme or a vitamin)

94
Q

what is the name for catabolism during cellular processing

A

glycolysis

95
Q

where does oxidative breakdown occur

A

mitochondria

96
Q

what breaks down during oxidative breakdown

A

breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP

97
Q

is oxidative breakdown a small process or a long process

A

many steps

98
Q

CO2

A

waste product

99
Q

water

A

metabolically waste product

100
Q

ATP

A

useful product

101
Q

what is the goal of cellular respiration

A

trap chemical energy in ATP

102
Q

where can energy be stored in respiration

A

glycogen and fats

103
Q

what is glycogen

A

energy storage, not for immediate use

104
Q

what is oxidized and for what in cellular respiration

A

Oxidation of food for fuel

105
Q

what happens during oxidation of food for fuel

A

Step by step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms (and electron pairs) from substrates –> only CO2 left

106
Q

what processes occur during cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation

107
Q

what type of reaction is oxidation

A

reduction or redox reactions

108
Q

what is oxidation

A

gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms

109
Q

what happens during the oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Oxidized substances lose electrons and energy
Reduced substances gain electrons and energy
Catalyzed by enzymes

110
Q

what are the enzymes during oxidation redox reactions

A

dehydrogenases

oxidases

111
Q

dehydrogenases

A

removal of hydrogen atoms, dehydrate

112
Q

oxidases

A

transfer of oxygen

113
Q

what enzymes require help during oxidation

A

vitamin B derivatives

coenzymes

114
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

(biological term for an enzyme) act as hydrogen (or electron) acceptors

115
Q

examples of Co enzymes

A

NAD+ and FAD

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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